Determining the curing parameters of furfuryl alcohol for wood modification by nanoindentation

Li, Wanju; Zhang, Xue Xia; Yu, Zixuan; Yu, Yun Shui; Yu, Yan

doi:10.1007/s00107-016-1057-7

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The polymerization of FA can be catalyzed by either Brønsted or Lewis acids, with the majority of prior work using dilute mineral acids (hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid) or strong organic acids, such as p ‐toluenesulfonic acid or trifluoroacetic acid . Trials involving these acids were carried out in the FA reaction to ascertain the effectiveness of their catalysis in a solvent‐free environment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FA has been studied extensively and has been recognized as an acid‐sensitive molecule that is similar in structure to phenolic resins with the potential to produce chemical‐resistant resins . Much work was focused on the material properties of novel composite materials for structural and electronic applications or carbonaceous materials . Polymerization of FA in solvents, such as dichloromethane or ethanol, has been studied extensively in the literature .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetics studies and characterization of poly(furfuryl alcohol) for use as bio‐based furan novolacs

Sadler

Yeh

Toulan

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) is an attractive target for the development of bio‐based novolac resins. However, control of the polycondensation reaction is not well understood and side reactions are an important factor for PFA and the development of new resins. The polymerization reactions and kinetics of furfuryl alcohol and 2‐furyl ethanol into polymeric resins are detailed in this work. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis of reaction kinetics, molecular weight analysis, and rheology analysis confirm that the polymerization reaction rate of 2‐furyl ethanol is much faster than that of furfuryl alcohol because the addition of this methyl group serves to stabilize the carbocation transition state. Side reactions, such as Diels–Alder crosslinking and in particular branching, are quantified and were found to be much more prevalent in the polymerization of PFA. The glass transition temperature was measured to be 376 K for PFA and only 294 K for poly(2‐furyl ethanol). Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the alternative structure that forms in PFA that causes branching results in greater backbone rigidity causing its higher glass transition temperature. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46608.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics studies and characterization of poly(furfuryl alcohol) for use as bio‐based furan novolacs

Sadler

Yeh

Toulan

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The bordered pit membrane is composed of primary cell wall and middle lamella, with its structure varying greatly in angiosperm and gymnosperm tree species. In angiosperm tree species, bordered pit membrane is typically homogenous with pit annulus showing similar electron density under transmission electron microscopy [19]. Minute pores on pit membranes of angiosperm tree species allow water to pass through neighboring conduits and meanwhile induce embolism propagation.…”

Section: Role Of the Pit Membrane Morphology In Plant Hydraulicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, mesomechanical characterization was applied to the study of cell wall mechanics [19], and mechanical properties of pit membranes were also brought into focus especially due to their special structure and essential role in plant hydraulics. For instance, atomic force microscope with nanometer resolution combined with nanoindentation was applied to estimate the mechanical properties of pit membranes, showing that the Young's modulus values of both wet and dehydrated pit membrane in hybrid poplar were similar [56].…”

Section: Techniques In Characterizing Mechanical Properties Of Pit Mementioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Effects of Bordered Pit Membrane Morphology and Properties on Plant Xylem Hydraulic Functions—A Case Study from 3D Reconstruction and Microflow Modelling of Pit Membranes in Angiosperm Xylem

Wang

Yin

et al. 2020

Plants

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Pit membranes in between neighboring conduits of xylem play a crucial role in plant water transport. In this review, the morphological characteristics, chemical composition and mechanical properties of bordered pit membranes were summarized and linked with their functional roles in xylem hydraulics. The trade-off between xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety was closely related with morphology and properties of pit membranes, and xylem embolism resistance was also determined by the pit membrane morphology and properties. Besides, to further investigate the effects of bordered pit membranes morphology and properties on plant xylem hydraulic functions, here we modelled three-dimensional structure of bordered pit membranes by applying a deposition technique. Based on reconstructed 3D pit membrane structures, a virtual fibril network was generated to model the microflow pattern across inter-vessel pit membranes. Moreover, the mechanical behavior of intervessel pit membranes was estimated from a single microfibril's mechanical property. Pit membranes morphology varied among different angiosperm and gymnosperm species. Our modelling work suggested that larger pores of pit membranes do not necessarily contribute to major flow rate across pit membranes; instead, the obstructed degree of flow pathway across the pit membranes plays a more important role. Our work provides useful information for studying the mechanism of microfluid flow transport across pit membranes and also sheds light on investigating the response of pit membranes both at normal and stressed conditions, thus improving our understanding on functional roles of pit membranes in xylem hydraulic function. Further work could be done to study the morphological and mechanical response of bordered pit membranes under different dehydrated conditions, as well as the related microflow behavior, based on our constructed model.

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“…This is affected by the amount and the type of catalysts, curing temperature, concentration of FA in treating solution, etc. (Epmeier et al 2004;Li et al 2017;Sejati et al 2017).…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Furfural-based resin for modifying birch wood properties

Sharifat

Efhamisisi

Thévenon³

et al. 2021

BioRes

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Furfural (F) cannot be easily polymerized like furfuryl alcohol, but it is an aldehyde that can react with urea (U) to make a polymeric network. The possibility of preparing F/U polymer along with an acidic catalyzer (maleic anhydride; M) was evaluated as a means to improve some selected properties of birch (Betula pendula) wood. The F+U/M resin was introduced into the wood with a double treatment technology. The first step involved dilution of F in water and methanol, and the second step was immersion in a U/M aqueous solution. The color of treated wood was darkened after resin curing from brown to a spectrum of black depending on the amount of loaded resin. The 60 to 80% of materials were converted to a non-leachable polymer based on the different formulations. The water absorption and volumetric swelling of the treated samples decreased with an increase in weight percent gain (WPG). The analysis of mechanical strength showed that treatment with F + U/M reduced to some extent the hardness and the impact bending of wood, while modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and compression parallel to the grain with WPG were increased. The exposure of the samples to the accelerated weathering showed noticeable changes in color and roughness.

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Determining the curing parameters of furfuryl alcohol for wood modification by nanoindentation

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Kinetics studies and characterization of poly(furfuryl alcohol) for use as bio‐based furan novolacs

Kinetics studies and characterization of poly(furfuryl alcohol) for use as bio‐based furan novolacs

Investigating Effects of Bordered Pit Membrane Morphology and Properties on Plant Xylem Hydraulic Functions—A Case Study from 3D Reconstruction and Microflow Modelling of Pit Membranes in Angiosperm Xylem

Furfural-based resin for modifying birch wood properties

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