Determining the arc temperature in submerged arc welding using the Bartels method

Abstract

Never before has an optical method been used to determine the arc temperature inside a submerged arc welding cavern with frequencies up to 5 kHz. To be able to do that, a combination of high-speed imaging and spatially resolved high-speed spectroscopy with up to 5000 fps has been performed. A DCEP (direct current electrode positive) process with 600, 800, 900 and 1000 A, and an AC (alternating current) process at 800 A were included in this research. The Bartels method has been used to calculate these temperatures for the first time. It generated temperatures from approximately 7000–9000 K. Also, it was found that a decrease of arc temperature for rising currents appeared until 900 A. After that, it is reversed for currents higher than 900 A.

Higher hydrogen fractions in dielectric polymers boost self-healing in electrical capacitors

“…The initial temperature was set to 7000 K, which corresponds to the temperature of the electric arc. 34 The molecules underwent full destruction under these conditions. Next, the temperature was smoothly decreased from 7000 K to 300 K during an additional time of 10 ps.…”

“…Note that a conventional dielectric breakdown applies to nanoscale and microscale volumes. Thanks to these tiny confinements, the local temperature acquired from the discharge is up to 7000 K. 34 Having been heated strongly, the fractions of the film and the electrode are immediately destroyed. The emerged low-molecular overheated products generate appropriately high local pressures.…”

Formation of Corrugated Damage on Bearing Race under Different AC Shaft Voltages

“…The average temperature rise of the bearing samples under different voltage conditions is presented in Figure 4, which is lower than the low-temperature tempering temperature of the bearing steel and is insufficient to change the microstructure of the bearing steel. However, the high temperature of the arc discharge can reach 7000-8000 K [31], which is much higher than the melting point of the GCr15 bearing steel. To observe the microstructural changes induced by discharge, the bearing samples were cut along the raceway and etched with 4% nitric acid ethanol solution for approximately 9 s. After cleaning and drying, the microstructure was observed through SEM (Figure 12).…”

“…structure of the bearing steel. However, the high temperature of the arc discharge can reach 7000-8000 K [31], which is much higher than the melting point of the GCr15 bearing steel. To observe the microstructural changes induced by discharge, the bearing samples were cut along the raceway and etched with 4% nitric acid ethanol solution for approximately 9 s. After cleaning and drying, the microstructure was observed through SEM (Figure 12).…”

Non-invasive optical characterization and estimation of Zn porosity in gas tungsten arc welding of Fe–Al joints using CR model and OES measurements

“…Toropchin et al [12] used OES measurements to investigate the effect of arc temperature on weld pool behavior by conducting experiments with different currents, electrode-to-workpiece distances, and nozzle diameters. Goett et al [16] employed a combination of high-speed imaging and spatially resolved high-speed spectroscopy with a frame rate of up to 5000 fps to estimate the arc temperature in submerged arc welding. Mirapeix et al [17] have established a link between the T e and the flaws in the weld seam.…”