Determining Iron(III) Concentration in a Green Chemistry Experiment Using <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> (Indian Gooseberry) Extract and Spectrophotometry

Rattanakit, Parawee; Maungchang, Rasimate

doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00817

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The color developed is due to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer from the polyphenol to the iron center of the complex. 15 Iron was quantified in water 86 and dietary supplements 15,87 using green tea as the chromogenic reagent, where the gallic acid present in green tea was responsible for color development. In these studies, the violet-colored complexes had their λ max values in the 550−570 nm range.…”

Section: Kscn Assaysupporting

confidence: 85%

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Iron Quantification in Dietary Supplements using Four Colorimetric Assays

Filgueiras

Borges

2022

J. Chem. Educ.

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Students determine the iron mass in dietary supplements using four colorimetric assays. These colorimetric assays were selective for Fe3+. It was complexed by thiocyanide, salicylate, gallic acid, and Fe(CN)6 4–, forming blood-red, red, violet, and blue complexes, respectively. The λmax of these complexes were 447, 480, 570, and 700 nm, respectively. These assays were scaled-down, where 1 mL of chromogenic reagent was mixed with 0.1 mL of sample. Salicylic acid, gallic acid, and K4[Fe(CN)6] were harmless and cheap chromogenic reagents that could be used instead of traditional chromogenic reagents such as KSCN and phenanthroline. Quantitative analysis was carried out using absorbance measured at λmax of each assay (standard method) and 96-well-plate digital images obtained with a desktop scanner (proposed method). The matrix effect was investigated by comparing the standard addition curves with the external calibration curves, where no matrix effect was found. Results obtained using the four assays were compared using hypothesis tests such as one-way ANOVA, post-hoc tests, and plots. Investigation of interactions between samples and assays was carried out using two-way ANOVA. Statistical tests were carried out using open-source and graphical user interface programs (JASP and R Commander). The student learning goals of this experiment include comparing multiple assays using hypothesis tests. Learn about the principles of green chemistry, method scale-down, and matrix effect.

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Section: Kscn Assaysupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Iron was quantified in water and dietary supplements , using green tea as the chromogenic reagent, where the gallic acid present in green tea was responsible for color development. In these studies, the violet-colored complexes had their λ max values in the 550–570 nm range.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Quantification in Dietary Supplements using Four Colorimetric Assays

Filgueiras

Borges

2022

J. Chem. Educ.

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“…10 Because numerous students conduct this experiment every year, a large amount of toxic waste is generated, leading to high waste treatment costs and hidden threats to the health and safety of the students. 5 To mitigate the aforementioned problems, a safe and cheap adsorbate can improve the safety of the adsorption experiments.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the experiments to be greener and safer, toxic and harmful chemicals must be eliminated. Therefore, significant attention has been given to household items and natural products; for example, tea or Indian gooseberry extract are used instead of toxic or expensive chromogenic agents, , gold nanoparticles have been synthesized using tea extract, and Luffa Cylindrica has been dried and used as a sponge for water treatment . Diluted wine and kitchen paper have been used in demonstrating Beer’ law and the study of adsorption .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of Additives in Cola Beverages: A Safe and Improved Experiment Exploring Beer’s Law and Adsorption Process

Wang

Zheng

et al. 2021

J. Chem. Educ.

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Cola beverages are widely consumed and popular among students; they can be used as safe reagents to replace toxic chemical dyes. In this study, a safe and improved experiment is described, which successfully demonstrates Beer's law and adsorption process using activated carbon as the adsorbent and cola as the adsorbate. The results of this study demonstrate that the use of cola has achieved good evaluation for the teaching of the Beer's law and the adsorption phenomenon. The potential learning outcomes of the experiment include the principles of spectrophotometry, operation of spectrophotometer, Beer's law and its limitations, derivation of linear regression equation, and construction of adsorption isotherms. This experiment can be used as a safe spectrophotometric protocol to determine the adsorption isotherms for undergraduate learning of analytical or general chemistry.

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“…A recently published work using natural reagents for teaching green chemistry to an undergraduate class made use of Indian gooseberry extract as a natural reagent for the determination of iron in water samples. 20 Fresh Indian gooseberry can be found in Southern Asia and it may be obtained in other parts of the world as a powdered drink, but even so, it is not commonly available in local superstores. Considering availability, in our work we emphasize the use of inexpensive and readily available natural reagent from dried black tea leaves.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Analytical Chemistry Experiment: Quantitative Analysis of Iron in Supplement Tablets with Vis spectrophotometry Using Tea Extract as a Chromogenic Agent

et al. 2019

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A green chemistry experiment is presented for teaching an undergraduate quantitative analysis/analytical chemistry laboratory class through the use of black tea leaf extract for the determination of iron in supplement tablets. Dried tea leaf is a safe, low cost, and widely available source of natural extract that can be used in place of more toxic chemicals (for example, 1,10-phenanthroline) or other uncommon natural reagents that may be hard to obtain outside their native lands. Various student learning outcomes accommodated within this experiment include the principles and hands-on operation of a spectrophotometer, the construction of a calibration graph and obtaining a linear regression equation using Microsoft Excel, the determination of figures of merit (limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and linear working range), and sampling and preparation of supplement tablets with acid digestion. Students were trained in quality control and quality assurance through statistical data analysis for precision (SD) and accuracy (t test, percent recovery, and percent error) for the experiment. They were asked to discuss not only advantages but also limitations of using natural reagents for chemical analysis. Critical thinking and a deep understanding of the experiment were assessed through the students’ ability to answer follow-up questions in their report and on the exam. Class management and modification of the experiment to suit a laboratory with limited facilities are discussed. This robust tea-Fe experiment was successfully demonstrated for teaching both large and small laboratory classes at two institutions, one in the U.S. and one in Thailand.

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Determining Iron(III) Concentration in a Green Chemistry Experiment Using Phyllanthus emblica (Indian Gooseberry) Extract and Spectrophotometry

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Iron Quantification in Dietary Supplements using Four Colorimetric Assays

Iron Quantification in Dietary Supplements using Four Colorimetric Assays

Adsorption of Additives in Cola Beverages: A Safe and Improved Experiment Exploring Beer’s Law and Adsorption Process

Green Analytical Chemistry Experiment: Quantitative Analysis of Iron in Supplement Tablets with Vis spectrophotometry Using Tea Extract as a Chromogenic Agent

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