Determining car-park occupancy from single images

Funck, S.; Mohler, N.; Oertel, W.

doi:10.1109/ivs.2004.1336403

Cited by 50 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…i:% 0 i(t+j) 2 -{j:% 0 i(t+j)) 2 N t (N t -1) (1) where I(x, y, t) is the grey-scale intensity. In the rest of the paper, we avoid indexes x, y for simplicity on notation.…”

Section: N S(t)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We define the value of each pixel T(t) at time t on the transience map according to (2) (2) where B(t) is the grey-scale intensity of the background model at time t; S th and B th are thresholds that determine whether a pixel belongs to a moving object or not, and whether it belongs to a new object compared to the current background, respectively. An example of the resulting transience map is shown in Fig.…”

Section: N S(t)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technique gives false occupancy detection under the presence of shadows and other objects. Funck et al [2] analysed the luminance of the parking lot to gain robustness against illumination conditions. Both techniques require empty parking lot reference images under certain conditions, so they may not be suitable for urban scenarios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vacant parking area estimation through background subtraction and transience map analysis

Postigo

Torres

Menéndez

2015

IET Intelligent Transport Systems

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Abstract:A method for estimating the dimensions of non-delimited free parking areas by using a static surveillance camera is proposed. The proposed method is specially designed to tackle the main challenges of urban scenarios (multiple moving objects, outdoor illumination conditions and occlusions between vehicles) with no training. The core of this work is the temporal analysis of the video frames to detect the occupancy variation of the parking areas. Two techniques are combined: background subtraction using a mixture of Gaussians to detect and track vehicles and the creation of a transience map to detect the parking and leaving of vehicles. The authors demonstrate that the proposed method yields satisfactory estimates on three real scenarios while being a low computational cost solution that can be applied in any kind of parking area covered by a single camera.

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“…i:% 0 i(t+j) 2 -{j:% 0 i(t+j)) 2 N t (N t -1) (1) where I(x, y, t) is the grey-scale intensity. In the rest of the paper, we avoid indexes x, y for simplicity on notation.…”

Section: N S(t)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: N S(t)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vacant parking area estimation through background subtraction and transience map analysis

Postigo

Torres

Menéndez

2015

IET Intelligent Transport Systems

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“…Various technologies have already been tested to obtain this goal [1,[5][6][7][8]12]. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are the most promising technology being served for parking management system at the moment offering various advantages in terms of time saving and enables the automated parking to serve the customers efficiently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proficient Car Parking System Based on Cluster Head Routing Protocol Utilizing IEEE 802.15.4

Arif

Sherazi²

2016

Int. J. Onl. Eng.

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Abstract-The paper discusses a proposed model for car parking system based on cluster head routing protocol utilizing a low cost and power efficient communication technology, ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4). The model is designed in a way that car parking is divided into different clusters and each cluster has a head which acts a messenger for transmitting information to other heads and the coordinator of the network. Each cluster head is a ZigBee Host (Router) which collects the information of car presence in the parking slot. This information is then passed to the coordinator of the network which is used to display the information of available parking slots in a specific car parking area. Since there is only one coordinator in the network, so heads can transmit information to the coordinator using multi-hop communication if direct communication is not possible. Several simulations were performed to gauge the efficiency of the proposed model, and results show that the proposed model is reliable in communication and efficient in its operation.Index Terms-Cluster head routing protocol, wireless communication, power efficiency, ZigBee, multi-hop communication, automated parking system.

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“…Other than that, image processing technique is applied in parking to detect the presence of vehicles rather than using sensor [7]. This algorithm works in acquire the image of parking lot and calculate the occupancy of the vehicles pixel area and thus provide an accurate number of available parking lot to the users [7], [8]. Moreover, ultrasonic sensor is used in Smart Parking System(SPS) [9] to detect the presence of vehicles in parking lot and shows a green LED if there is no vehicles detected and red if there is occupancy of vehicles in that certain parking lot.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Parking Space Availability via Zigbee Technology

Hee¹,

Rahayu²

2014

IJFCC

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Abstract-With the rapid growth of vehicle availability and usage on the road in recent years, finding a vacant car parking space is becoming more and more difficult which resulting in a number of conflicts such as traffic problems. In this paper, a prototype of Monitoring Parking Space Vacancy System is introduced using wireless technologies to alleviate the traffic problems. The system includes two modules, parking lot vacancy monitoring module, and master module. Parking lot vacancy monitoring module consists of digital infrared sensor, liquid crystal display (LCD), and Zigbee module which are interfaced with PIC microcontroller. Master modules include laptop GUI display, and Zigbee modules. The user can get the status of parking lot vacancy through the LCD of monitoring parking vacancy module. The Zigbee transceiver on monitoring parking vacancy module which interfaced with microcontroller is to transmit the infrared sensor data when the digital infrared sensor detects the presence of vehicle in the parking areas and thus provide the status of the parking lot to be displayed in master module with Graphical User interface (GUI).

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Determining car-park occupancy from single images

Cited by 50 publications

References 3 publications

Vacant parking area estimation through background subtraction and transience map analysis

Vacant parking area estimation through background subtraction and transience map analysis

Proficient Car Parking System Based on Cluster Head Routing Protocol Utilizing IEEE 802.15.4

Monitoring Parking Space Availability via Zigbee Technology

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