Determining Anatomical Position of the Umbilicus in Turkish Population

Abstract

The umbilicus is essential to the aesthetic appearance of the abdomen. However, very little has been written about the exact location of the aesthetically pleasing umbilicus as far as the Turkish population is concerned. Although a variety of reconstructive methods are available, no real standards define the location and shape of the umbilicus. This is a single cross-sectional cohort study focused on the morphometric analysis of the umbilicus in 300 adults between 18 and 65 years old. All data, including standardized measures and pictures, were determined. A total of 150 women and 150 men are incorporated into the study who referred to Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Hospital between January and July 2018. In this study, the authors observed that the umbilicus is situated around the midline plane such that the ratio of the distance between the xiphisternum and the umbilicus and the distance between the pubic symphysis and the umbilicus is 1.45. Also, the ratio of the distance between the umbilicus and anterior superior iliac spine and the between anterior superior iliac spine is approximately 0.6/1. Most umbilicus was found to be oval shape in males while round shape in females. Umbilical hood orientation was with an inferior hood in males while superior-inferior hood in females in my study at Turkish population. The present study was performed to determine the normal anatomical position of the umbilicus and umbilicus shapes in a sample of Turkish people and to obtain ideal ranges for repositioning neo-umbilicus during abdominoplasty.

Anthropometric Determinations of Umbilical Position in Iraqi Adults

“…In females, we found the ratio of distance between xiphisternum and umbilicus and the distance between umbilicus and pubic symphysis is 1.03:1, while the ratio of distance between umbilicus and ASIS and the distance between both iliac spines is 0.5:1(see ►Table 3); both measurements were lesser than what was observed by Abhyankar et al 17 They utilized ratios of 1.6:1 and 0.6:1, respectively, to mark the new umbilical position by suggesting drawing two Anthropometric Determinations of Umbilical Position Abdulla and Fahad circles at the centers of which are the ASIS, with a radius 0.6 × inter-ASIS distance, and the location of the umbilicus being the intersection upper point in light of 1.6:1 ratio. The Turkish study by Bilgen et al 18 reported that the mean distance of the measurements of Xu and Xp in females were 19.3 cm and 33.4 cm and in males were 22.4 cm and 37.0 cm, which are higher than our results, 17.22 cm, 31.14 cm, 18.84 cm and 33.28 cm, respectively. We found the mean Up distance 16.56 cm in females and 16.67 cm in males were both higher than that in the Turkish study (14.5 cm and 14.7 cm, respectively) and also did not match the figure concluded by Rodriguez-Feliz et al, 19 who stated that on average the distance was 15.0 cm.…”

Determination of Appropriate Umbilicus Position during Abdominoplasty in Male Patients

“…Different ratios of similar reference measurements were, however, reported in subjects of different ethnicities; African American people have a lower lying umbilicus compared with White people. 23,24,[47][48][49] To accurately predict umbilicus-xyphoid distance, complex mathematical equations have also been proposed. 30,50,51 These, however, are too complicated to have any significant practical application.…”

Female Abdominal Landmarks and Their Improvements Using Polydioxanone Thread Placement for Umbilicus Elevation

“…While exploring ideal umbilicus positions, researchers used different positions (eg, standing versus supine positions), and results varied considerably. 2,8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][19][20][21][22] Further, because many studies were carried out in general populations, 10,12,14,17,[19][20][21][22] the conclusions drawn, although insightful, may not reflect "ideal" umbilicus positions.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Traditionally, the distance from the xyphoid process to the upper edge of the umbilicus (XU), the distance from the upper edge of the umbilicus to the pubis symphysis (UP), and the distance from the upper edge of the umbilicus to the iliac crests (UIC), among others, are used as reference points to determine the perfect umbilicus position. 8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] However, because authors have measured the distances using different body positions (ie, standing versus supine), [9][10][11][12][13][14]17,[19][20][21][22] 2 XU/UP or UIC numbers are not comparable from one study to another (Fig. 1).…”