Determine the Foot Strike Pattern Using Inertial Sensors

Shiang, Tzyy-Yuang; Hsieh, Tsung-Yu; Lee, Yin-Shin; Wu, Chen‐Chi; Yu, Meng-Chieh; Mei, Chung-Huan; Tai, I-Han

doi:10.1155/2016/4759626

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Since running is a more dynamic form of gait than walking, the requirements for sensors are higher. The determination of the foot strike pattern was the main idea in [ 24 ]. The authors used accelerometers and gyroscopes to calculate the stride length and determine the landing strategies at three running speeds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sport Biomechanics Applications Using Inertial, Force, and EMG Sensors: A Literature Overview

Taborri

Keogh

Kos

et al. 2020

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics

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In the last few decades, a number of technological developments have advanced the spread of wearable sensors for the assessment of human motion. These sensors have been also developed to assess athletes’ performance, providing useful guidelines for coaching, as well as for injury prevention. The data from these sensors provides key performance outcomes as well as more detailed kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data that provides insight into how the performance was obtained. From this perspective, inertial sensors, force sensors, and electromyography appear to be the most appropriate wearable sensors to use. Several studies were conducted to verify the feasibility of using wearable sensors for sport applications by using both commercially available and customized sensors. The present study seeks to provide an overview of sport biomechanics applications found from recent literature using wearable sensors, highlighting some information related to the used sensors and analysis methods. From the literature review results, it appears that inertial sensors are the most widespread sensors for assessing athletes’ performance; however, there still exist applications for force sensors and electromyography in this context. The main sport assessed in the studies was running, even though the range of sports examined was quite high. The provided overview can be useful for researchers, athletes, and coaches to understand the technologies currently available for sport performance assessment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sport Biomechanics Applications Using Inertial, Force, and EMG Sensors: A Literature Overview

Taborri

Keogh

Kos

et al. 2020

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics

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show abstract

“…That is why researchers also investigated single sensors at specific positions on the human body which can easily and quickly be attached. Apart from placing sensors on the lower back [ 6 , 7 ], the tibia [ 8 , 9 ], or the ankle [ 10 ], a popular sensor position used in literature is the foot or the running shoe [ 2 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. One reason for the popularity of this sensor position is the amount of different spatio-temporal parameters that can be computed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, publications using foot-mounted IMUs differ not only in the computed spatio-temporal parameters, but also in the position of the IMU sensors on the running shoes. Shiang et al [ 11 ], Falbriard et al [ 12 ], and Strohrmann et al [ 2 ] mounted the IMU sensors on the instep of the foot on top of the shoelaces, whereas Lederer et al [ 13 ] and Koska et al [ 14 ] mounted the sensors on the heel. Other sensor positions presented in literature are on the lateral side of the running shoe below the ankle [ 17 ] and inside the sole of the running shoe [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the Position of Foot-Mounted IMU Sensors Influence the Accuracy of Spatio-Temporal Parameters in Endurance Running?

Zrenner

Küderle

Roth

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Wearable sensor technology already has a great impact on the endurance running community. Smartwatches and heart rate monitors are heavily used to evaluate runners’ performance and monitor their training progress. Additionally, foot-mounted inertial measurement units (IMUs) have drawn the attention of sport scientists due to the possibility to monitor biomechanically relevant spatio-temporal parameters outside the lab in real-world environments. Researchers developed and investigated algorithms to extract various features using IMU data of different sensor positions on the foot. In this work, we evaluate whether the sensor position of IMUs mounted to running shoes has an impact on the accuracy of different spatio-temporal parameters. We compare both the raw data of the IMUs at different sensor positions as well as the accuracy of six endurance running-related parameters. We contribute a study with 29 subjects wearing running shoes equipped with four IMUs on both the left and the right shoes and a motion capture system as ground truth. The results show that the IMUs measure different raw data depending on their position on the foot and that the accuracy of the spatio-temporal parameters depends on the sensor position. We recommend to integrate IMU sensors in a cavity in the sole of a running shoe under the foot’s arch, because the raw data of this sensor position is best suitable for the reconstruction of the foot trajectory during a stride.

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“…Visual observation indicated that the time of the maximal foot angle magnitude coincided with the start of the foot forward swing, and that foot strike occurred somewhere in the middle of this strike period. Foot strike was then determined from the 3D accelerometer data by calculating the peak of the resultant acceleration in each stride period (Shiang et al, 2016) [16] (Figure 2B):Sensor Foot Strike Angle (FSA SENSOR ): After foot strike was determined, the difference in foot angle at foot strike and the angle when the foot was deemed to be stationary on the ground (lowest mean resultant acceleration over a 50 ms interval after foot strike) was used to calculate the change in foot angle (Figure 2C). A more positive angle indicated a more RF strike pattern:FSA SENSOR = θ STATIONARY − θ FOOTSTRIKE Sensor Foot Strike Classification (FSC SENSOR ): The final rater classification analysis considered only the RF and NRF foot strikes, therefore it was decided to classify FSP using a measure of initial foot strike angular velocity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another application, two IMUs (one accelerometer and one gyroscope) on the top of the shoe were used to determine foot strike angle during running. Researchers found a significant correlation between their determinants of strike angle and sagittal plane angles from a 3D motion camera system [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using A Soft Conformable Foot Sensor to Measure Changes in Foot Strike Angle During Running

Werkhoven

Farina

Langley

2019

Sports

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The potential association between running foot strike analysis and performance and injury metrics has created the need for reliable methods to quantify foot strike pattern outside the laboratory. Small, wireless inertial measurement units (IMUs) allow for unrestricted movement of the participants. Current IMU methods to measure foot strike pattern places small, rigid accelerometers and/or gyroscopes on the heel cap or on the instep of the shoe. The purpose of this study was to validate a thin, conformable IMU sensor placed directly on the dorsal foot surface to determine foot strike angles and pattern. Participants (n = 12) ran on a treadmill with different foot strike patterns while videography and sensor data were captured. Sensor measures were compared against traditional 2D video analysis techniques and the results showed that the sensor was able to accurately (92.2% success) distinguish between rearfoot and non-rearfoot foot strikes using an angular velocity cut-off value of 0°/s. There was also a strong and significant correlation between sensor determined foot strike angle and foot strike angle determined from videography analysis (r = 0.868, p < 0.001), although linear regression analysis showed that the sensor underestimated the foot strike angle. Conformable sensors with the ability to attach directly to the human skin could improve the tracking of human dynamics and should be further explored.

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Determine the Foot Strike Pattern Using Inertial Sensors

Cited by 19 publications

References 28 publications

Sport Biomechanics Applications Using Inertial, Force, and EMG Sensors: A Literature Overview

Sport Biomechanics Applications Using Inertial, Force, and EMG Sensors: A Literature Overview

Does the Position of Foot-Mounted IMU Sensors Influence the Accuracy of Spatio-Temporal Parameters in Endurance Running?

Using A Soft Conformable Foot Sensor to Measure Changes in Foot Strike Angle During Running

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