Determinations of new psychoactive substances in biological matrices with focus on microextraction techniques: a review of fundamentals and state-of-the-art extraction methods

Birk, Letícia; Santos, Sara O.; Eller, Sarah; Merib, Josias; Oliveira, Tiago Franco de

doi:10.1007/s11419-021-00582-x

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…Another trend in sample preparation is the use of chip‐based devices, which is a relatively unexplored technique for the determination of drugs of abuse. These microfluidic devices use small amounts of fluids, resulting in low consumption of reagents and solvents, as well as reduced extraction time (Birk et al, 2021). These chip‐based devices show great potential in forensic toxicology and are worth exploring further.…”

Section: Microextraction Sample Preparation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green chemistry: Developments and perspectives for sample treatment in forensic methodologies

Birk

Santos

Schwarz

et al. 2023

WIREs Forensic Science

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In recent years, the environmental implications of advancements in various scientific fields, including analytical chemistry, have become a subject of increasing concern. As a result, the concept of “Green Analytical Chemistry” has been developed, comprising a set of practices designed to reduce the use of toxic chemicals. In the field of analytical, minimizing chemical usage presents a significant challenge, as several sample preparation methods inherently require the utilization of large quantities of solvents. However, this challenge can be addressed through the implementation of both single and combined strategies. One of these strategies is the miniaturization of methods applying the principles of classic liquid–liquid and solid phase extractions in a smaller scale of reagents and samples. In addition, the conventional reagents used in sample preparation can be replaced with green solvents and sorbents. The utilization of miniaturized techniques in forensic toxicology has been widely adopted. Despite this, there remain numerous unexplored applications due to the vast diversity of analytes and biological matrices available. Therefore, implementing green chemistry practices can provide numerous benefits, including enhanced worker safety, reduced waste, and cost savings.This article is categorized under: Toxicology > Analytical Toxicology > Drug Analysis Toxicology > Post‐Mortem

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Section: Microextraction Sample Preparation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green chemistry: Developments and perspectives for sample treatment in forensic methodologies

Birk

Santos

Schwarz

et al. 2023

WIREs Forensic Science

Self Cite

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“…Nevertheless, microextraction techniques offer higher advantages than those offered by conventional techniques, such as reduced reagent consumption, short extraction time, minimum required volume of sample, potential automation, and reduced environmental impact. Among these techniques, microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) is one of the most promising approaches [ 26 ]. MEPS is a miniaturized version of SPE, where a few milligrams of sorbent are packed at the end of a needle that is inserted in a semiautomatic syringe [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of synthetic hallucinogens in oral fluids by microextraction by packed sorbent and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Lesne,

Muñoz-Bartual,

Esteve-Turrillas

2023

Anal Bioanal Chem

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A fast and simple procedure based on microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of 28 synthetic hallucinogens in oral fluids, including lysergic acid diethylamide and substances from NBOMe, NBOH, NBF, 2C, and substituted amphetamine categories. Extraction conditions such as type of sorbent, sample pH, number of charge/discharge cycles, and elution volume were studied. Hallucinogenic compounds were extracted from oral fluid samples using C18 MEPS, loading with 100 μL sample (adjusted to pH 7) in 3 cycles, washing with 100 μL deionized water, and eluting with 50 μL methanol in 1 cycle, giving quantitative recoveries and no significant matrix effects. Limits of detection from 0.09 to 1.22 μg L−1; recoveries from 80 to 129% performed in spiked oral fluid samples at 20, 50, and 100 μg L−1; and high precision with relative standard deviations lower than 9% were obtained. The proposed methodology was demonstrated to be appropriate for the simple and sensitive determination of NBOMe derivates and other synthetic hallucinogenic substances in oral fluid samples. Graphical Abstract

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“…Analytical determination of other groups like cathinones, cannabinoids, and piperazines in biological samples using microextraction techniques and chromatographic methods reported a limit of quantitation in the range from 0.5 to 200 ng/mL. [6] Due to European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), the FPM was first noticed in 2014 in Hungary. [7] In the same year, it appeared in UK and Sweden.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltammetric study of new psychoactive substance 3‐fluorophenmetrazine

Jiroušková

Čabala

Sokolová

2022

Electrochemical Science Adv

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Electrochemical oxidation of the new psychoactive substance 3‐fluorophenmetrazine (FPM) was studied in phosphate buffers by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on a glassy carbon electrode. The redox potential of FPM in buffered solution strongly depends on pH. Cyclic voltammetry behavior shows the partial influence of adsorption on the electrode process not allowing detailed analysis of the individual steps of the reaction scheme, it means the involvement of electron transfer (E) and chemical reaction (C). Nevertheless, the irreversible shape of the cyclic voltammogram is explained by the participation of hydroxylation nucleophilic addition of water (hydroxylation) after two‐electron/two‐proton oxidation of molecule at the tetrahydro‐1,4‐oxazine ring. The suggested mechanism leading to hydroxylated derivative 2‐(3‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐methyl‐5‐hydroxymorfolin is supported by the calculated highest occupied molecular orbital spatial distribution and atomic charges calculations for electrochemically formed radical cation. Infrared spectroelectrochemistry performed during oxidation in acetonitrile/water also supported the formation of this product.The analytical method of FPM determination on glassy carbon electrode was developed using DPV with an attained limit of detection = 4.7 μmol/L in phosphate buffer of pH 9. The linear range of the calibration curve is from 7.0 to 107.00 μmol/L, correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9988.

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Determinations of new psychoactive substances in biological matrices with focus on microextraction techniques: a review of fundamentals and state-of-the-art extraction methods

Cited by 7 publications

References 105 publications

Green chemistry: Developments and perspectives for sample treatment in forensic methodologies

Green chemistry: Developments and perspectives for sample treatment in forensic methodologies

Determination of synthetic hallucinogens in oral fluids by microextraction by packed sorbent and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Voltammetric study of new psychoactive substance 3‐fluorophenmetrazine

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