Determination, Separation and Application of 137Cs: A Review

Cao, Yong; Zhou, Lei; Ren, Hong; Zou, Hua

doi:10.3390/ijerph191610183

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Regions with a dense residence show issues and disturbances more often during an emergency evacuation or crisis situation. The number of residents reaches 1 million and the area of this agglomeration exceeds 1800 km 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Public Health Decision Making in the Case of the Use of a Nuclear Weapon

Długosz‐Lisiecka

2022

IJERPH

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The current geopolitical situation and the war on Ukraine’s territory generate questions about the possible use of a nuclear weapon and create the need to refresh emergency protective plans for the population. Ensuring the protection of public health is a national responsibility, but the problem is of international size and global scale. Radiological or nuclear disasters need suitable decision making at the right time, which determine large effective radiation protection activities to ensure public health is protected, reduce fatalities, radiation disease, and other effects. In this study, a simulation of a single nuclear weapon detonation with an explosion yield of 0.3 and 1 Mt was applied for a hypothetical location, to indicate the required decision making and the need to trigger protocols for the protection of the population. The simulated explosion was located in a city center, in a European country, for the estimation of the size of the effects of the explosion and its consequences for public health. Based on the simulation results and knowledge obtained from historical nuclear events, practical suggestions, discussion, a review of the recommendations was conducted, exacerbated by the time constraints of a public health emergency. Making science-based decisions should encompass clear procedures with specific activities triggered immediately based on confirmed information, acquired from active or/and passive warning systems and radiometric specific analysis provided by authorized laboratories. This study has the potential to support the preparedness of decision makers in the event of a disaster or crisis-related emergency for population health management and summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the current ability to respond.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the last few months, the security circumstances in Europe have changed dramatically. Use of nuclear weapons is currently a political and military revolution in warfare and a deterrence strategy [1,2]. Explicit threats of nuclear escalation for various countries demonstrate crisis management and coercive diplomacy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Decision Making in the Case of the Use of a Nuclear Weapon

Długosz‐Lisiecka

2022

IJERPH

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“…137 Cs in particular has found use as a γ irradiation source in place of 60 Co for use in sterilisation [55] and analytical processes [56].…”

Section: Isotopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spent Nuclear Fuel—Waste or Resource? The Potential of Strategic Materials Recovery during Recycle for Sustainability and Advanced Waste Management

Holdsworth

Eccles

Sharrad

et al. 2023

Waste

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Nuclear fuel is both the densest form of energy in its virgin state and, once used, one of the most hazardous materials known to humankind. Though commonly viewed as a waste—with over 300,000 tons stored worldwide and an additional 7–11,000 tons accumulating annually—spent nuclear fuel (SNF) represents a significant potential source of scarce, valuable strategic materials. Beyond the major (U and Pu) and minor (Np, Am, and Cm) actinides, which can be used to generate further energy, resources including the rare earth elements (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Tb), platinum group metals, (Ru, Rh, Pd, and Ag), noble gases (He, Kr, and Xe), and a range of isotopes useful for medical and energy generation purposes are also produced during fission. One reason for the accumulation of so much SNF is the low uptake of SNF recycle (or reprocessing), primarily due to the high capital and operational costs alongside concerns regarding proliferation and wastes generated. This study will highlight the predominantly overlooked potential for the recovery of strategic materials from SNF, which may offset costs and facilitate advanced waste management techniques for minimised waste volumes, thus increasing the sustainability of the nuclear fuel cycle on the path towards Net Zero. Potential challenges in the implementation of this concept will also be identified.

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“…137 Cs is a byproduct of fission processes in nuclear reactors, and it is considered one of the most dangerous radionuclides [ 1 , 2 ]. The controlled releases that occur from operation at nuclear facilities and the nuclear accidents that take place in power plants are among the main sources of 137 Cs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Six-Year Hydration Evaluation of Cs-Bearing Materials at Room Temperature and 55% Relative Humidity Simulating Radioactive Waste with Different Crystallinities

Cerri,

Brundu

2024

Molecules

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Radioactive wastes often contain amorphous and crystalline phases, and vapor hydration can affect their durability. In this study, Cs-clinoptilolite was heated (at 1100 °C and for 2–36 h) to prepare the samples that were composed mainly of an amorphous phase (AmP) and CsAlSi5O12 (≥94%) with minor CsAlSi2O6. Six samples with an AmP/CsAlSi5O12 ratio from 26.5 to 0.1 were kept at 21 °C and 55% relative humidity, and their hydration was measured via thermogravimetry (TG) over a period of almost six years. The hydration that resulted was directly related to the AmP quantity. The increase in water content followed a logarithmic trend over time. It reached 1.95% in the AmP-richest material, while it attained only 0.07% in the most crystalline sample. The hydrolysis of the AmP led to an increase over time in the tightly bound water. Samples with an AmP of ≤19% demonstrated slightly higher durability due to the lower Cs content in the AmP.

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Determination, Separation and Application of 137Cs: A Review

Cited by 14 publications

References 109 publications

Public Health Decision Making in the Case of the Use of a Nuclear Weapon

Public Health Decision Making in the Case of the Use of a Nuclear Weapon

Spent Nuclear Fuel—Waste or Resource? The Potential of Strategic Materials Recovery during Recycle for Sustainability and Advanced Waste Management

A Six-Year Hydration Evaluation of Cs-Bearing Materials at Room Temperature and 55% Relative Humidity Simulating Radioactive Waste with Different Crystallinities

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