Determination of β2-Agonist Residues in Fermented Ham Using UHPLC-MS/MS after Enzymatic Digestion and Sulfonic Resin Solid Phase Purification

Cai, Chenggang; Xiang, Yannan; Tian, Siyi; Hu, Zhong-Ce; Hu, Zhengyan; Ma, Bo; Wu, Pinggu

doi:10.3390/molecules28052039

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The present study indicated that the transfer rate differed among the three β‐agonists, which might be a consequence of the fermentation process used in the manufacturing of the medium. As reported, β‐agonists can be biodegraded to other complex and undetermined chemicals by microorganisms and enzymes during fermentation [38]. There were differences in the biodegradation rate of the three β‐agonists over 20 days following drying, moistening, crushing, piling, and fermenting twice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Transfer of β‐agonists from animal feed into Tricholoma gambosum through manure

Han,

Zhan,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Animal Research and One Health

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Fungi are dependent on animal manure as a cultivation medium and may be vulnerable to feed‐derived β‐agonist contamination. To test whether β‐agonists incorporated in animal feed can transport into fungi through manure, a greenhouse study was conducted with Tricholoma gambosum grown in a culture medium amended with medicated cattle manure. Cattle were orally administrated with a single (ractopamine, 670.0 μg/kg BW/day) or a mixture of β‐agonists (clenbuterol, ractopamine, and salbutamol at the doses of 5.3, 223.3, and 50.0 μg/kg BW/day, respectively) for 28 days. Three batches of T. gambosum were harvested. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry‐based method was developed to quantify the number of β‐agonists taken up by T. gambosum from animal manure. The analytical recoveries for β‐agonists were between 66.61% and 91.78% with relative standard deviations between 1.70% and 12.18%, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.3 ng/g. The ractopamine residues in T. gambosum from batch 1 were 1.3 ng/g and were below the LOQ in batches 2 and 3 in the single treatment group. In the mixed treatment group, ractopamine concentrations were 0.42 and 0.50 ng/g in batches 1 and 2, respectively, and the salbutamol concentration was 1.94 ng/g in batch 1, while clenbuterol was undetectable in all three batches. These results indicated that the β‐agonists transferred to T. gambosum in trace amounts and presented a limited risk to consumers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Transfer of β‐agonists from animal feed into Tricholoma gambosum through manure

Han,

Zhan,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Animal Research and One Health

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“…The method was compared with other methods in the literature, comparing the parameters (Table 2). Considering enzymatic hydrolysis methods SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS [7], MCXSPE-LC-MS/MS [34], micro-extraction-UHPLC-Q ExactiveTM Plus Orbitrap MS [35], and MMIPSPE-HPLC [36], the LOD and recovery of the current SPE-GC-MS method based on the ZMS@N-CQDs are comparable, but the pre-treatment procedure of other methods is relatively complex and the linear range is relatively narrow, which is not suitable for rapid, wide spectrum detection. Therefore, the current developed method is a simple, sensitive, and wide-spectrum method for the analysis of β 2 -agonist residues in meat.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it has been verified that acute intoxication, including headache, tachycardia nausea, dizziness, and other symptoms, may occur when people eat meats made from animals fed by β 2 -agonists; therefore, the use of these kinds of stimulants was banned by the World Health Organization (WHO) and many countries [4][5][6]. Meanwhile, in recent years, the abuse of these compounds has formed severe food safety risks [7]. Even if the concentration is extremely low in animal products, β 2 -agonists will still pose potential and substantial threats to the health of humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the process of pre-treatment, the meat samples were usually dealt with by enzymatic or strong acid digestion processes in order to extract the residues of β 2 -agonists, and then the liquefied samples were further purified by solid phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [7]. This time-consuming process also needs more reagents and drugs than ever.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of β2-Agonist Residues in Meat Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with N-Doped Carbon Dots in Molecular Sieves

Zhu,

Mou,

Zheng

et al. 2023

Separations

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A simple, effective, and highly sensitive analytical approach was created and applied in this study for the accurate measurement of three β2-agonist residues (clenbuterol, salbutamol, and ractopamine) in meat samples. In the course of the experiment, new adsorbent molecular sieves (ZMS)@nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) composite materials were synthesized with the aid of hydrothermal synthesis. The composite adsorbent materials were prepared and characterized through scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, fluorescence, and zeta potential. Four determinants affecting the extraction and elution’s efficiency, such as the amount of adsorbent, the extraction time, desorption time, and the amount of extraction salt, were substantially optimized. The analytes were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Final results of the methodological validation reflected that the ZMS@N-CQDs composite materials were able to adsorb three β2-agonist residues well and had good reproducibility. In the meantime, all analytes indicated good linearity with coefficient of determination R2 ≥ 0.9908. The limit of detection was 0.7–2.0 ng·g−1, the limit of quantification varied from 2.4 to 5.0 ng·g−1, the precision was lower than 11.9%, and the spiked recoveries were in the range of 79.5–97.8%. To sum up, the proposed approach was quite effective, reliable, and convenient for the simultaneous analysis of multiple β2-agonist residues. Consequently, this kind of approach was successfully applied for the analysis of such compounds in meat samples.

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“…Currently, analytical methods for detecting Rac in pork are limited to techniques requiring highly sophisticated sample preparation or costly instrumentation, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). − ELISA offers a rapid and portable method for detecting Rac; however, its major drawback is its requirements of complicated time-consuming sample pretreatment and preparation because of the complex matrix of animal tissues . Among instrumental techniques, HPLC enables multicomponent and highly sensitive analysis; however, the HPLC instrument is costly and nonportable, which prevents its widespread application .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%