Determination of XLR-11 and its metabolites in hair by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Park, Meejung; Yeon, Seonghoon; Lee, Jaesin; In, Sangwhan

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.022

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Park et al . [ 38 ] described a quantitative analytical method for the determination of XLR-11 and its metabolites in hair using LC-MS/MS, since the latter drug has been widely abused in South Korea recently. The authors stated that the detection of the metabolites in hair samples could exclude external contamination and prove actual consumption.…”

Section: Analytical Methods For the Deter-mination Of Nps In Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Trends in Analytical Methods to Determine New Psychoactive Substances in Hair

Kyriakou

Pellegrini

Garcı́a-Algar

et al. 2017

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New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) belong to several chemical classes, including phenethylamines, piperazines, synthetic cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids. Development and validation of analytical methods for the determination of NPS both in traditional and alternative matrices is of crucial importance to study drug metabolism and to associate consumption to clinical outcomes and eventual intoxication symptoms. Among different biological matrices, hair is the one with the widest time window to investigate drug-related history and demonstrate past intake.The aim of this paper was to overview the trends of the rapidly evolving analytical methods for the determination of NPS in hair and the usefulness of these methods when applied to real cases.A number of rapid and sensitive methods for the determination of NPS in hair matrix has been recently published, most of them using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Hair digestion and subsequent solid phase extraction or liquid-liquid extraction were described as well as extraction in organic solvents. For most of the methods limits of quantification at picogram per milligram hair were obtained. The measured concentrations for most of the NPS in real samples were in the range of picograms of drug per milligram of hair. Interpretation of the results and lack of cut-off values for the discrimination between chronic consumption and occasional use or external contamination are still challenging.Methods for the determination of NPS in hair are continually emerging to include as many NPS as possible due to the great demand for their detection.

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Section: Analytical Methods For the Deter-mination Of Nps In Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Trends in Analytical Methods to Determine New Psychoactive Substances in Hair

Kyriakou

Pellegrini

Garcı́a-Algar

et al. 2017

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“…Generally, the analytical methodology consisted of the following steps: hair decontamination from external contaminants, hair digestion or pulverization and analytes extraction from a hair amount ranging between 10−100 mg. The hair decontamination procedures used were washing with: (i) organic solvents, such as methanol [ 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 32 , 34 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 60 ], ethanol [ 35 ], acetone [ 19 , 22 , [25] , [26] , [27] , 37 , 38 , 41 , 46 , 49 , 57 , 61 , 63 ], hexane [ 27 ], petroleum ether [ 41 , 49 ], dichloromethane [ 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , 33 , 34 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 45 , 48 , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [58] , [59] , [60] , 62 ], isopropanol [ 23 , 28 ], isooctane [ 38 , 52 ]; (ii) sodium dodecyl sulfate solution [ 35 , …”

Section: Extraction and Detection Methods For The Determination Of Nps In Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analytes’ extraction from hair, which followed hair digestion or pulverization, was achieved by either single step methanol extraction [ 20 , 25 , 27 , 43 , 44 , 47 , [49] , [50] , [51] , 53 , 56 , [58] , [59] , [60] , 62 ], or acidified methanol extraction [ 19 , 21 , 32 , 49 ], or ethanol extraction [ 41 ], or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with various mixtures of organic solvents [ 22 , 25 , 30 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 55 , 61 , 63 ], or extraction with aqueous buffers of organic solvents (methanol/ acetonitrile/ ammonium formate) [ 26 ], or (methanol/ acetonitrile/ trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) [ 37 ] or (methanol/ TFA) [ 38 ] or (methanol/ acetonitrile/ ammonium acetate) [ 57 ], or solid phase extraction (SPE) on various cartridges [ 24 , 29 , 31 , 52 , 54 ] or mixed-mode solid phase extraction (MSPE) [ 33 , 34 ] or pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [ 23 , 28 , 35 ], assisted in many cases by mild heat of the samples [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , 25 , 26 , 29 , 34 , 36 , 39 , 40 , ...…”

Section: Extraction and Detection Methods For The Determination Of Nps In Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hair analysis for New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): Still far from becoming the tool to study NPS spread in the community?

Florou

Boumba

2021

Toxicology Reports

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“…The methodology applied did not include parent compounds as the high hepatic metabolism showed by synthetic cannabinoids made quite improbable their detection in urine samples 67 . In the case of authentic hair samples, the parent compound XLR‐11 was the major compound found by LC–MS/MS (QqQ), while its major metabolites were determined at lower concentrations 68 …”

Section: Detection Of Nps Biomarkers In Toxicological Samples: From Quantitative Ms/ms Analysis To Hrms Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The key role of mass spectrometry in comprehensive research on new psychoactive substances

Fabregat‐Safont¹,

Sancho²,

Hernández³

et al. 2020

J Mass Spectrom

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New psychoactive substances (NPS) are a wide group of compounds that try to mimic the effects produced by the ‘classical’ illicit drugs, including cannabis (synthetic cannabinoids), cocaine and amphetamines (synthetic cathinones) or heroin (synthetic opioids), and which health effects are still unknown for most of them. Nowadays, more than 700 compounds are being monitored by official organisms, some of which have been recently identified in seizures and/or intoxication cases. Toxicological analysis plays a pivotal role in NPS research. A comprehensive investigation on NPS, from the first identification of a novel substance until its detection in drug users to help in diagnostics and medical treatment, requires the use of a wide variety of instruments and analytical strategies. This paper illustrates the key role of mass spectrometry (MS) along a comprehensive investigation on NPS. The synthetic cannabinoid XLR‐11 and the synthetic cathinone 5‐PPDi have been chosen as representative substances of the most consumed NPS families. Moreover, both compounds have been investigated at our laboratory in different stages of the three‐step strategy considered in this article. The initial identification and characterisation of the compound in consumption products, the first reported metabolic pathway and the development of analytical methodologies for its determination (and/or their metabolites) in different toxicological samples are described. The analytical strategies and MS instruments are briefly discussed to show the reader the possibilities that MS instrumentation offer to analytical scientists. This publication aims to be a starting point for those interested on the NPS research field from an analytical chemistry point of view.

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Determination of XLR-11 and its metabolites in hair by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

Recent Trends in Analytical Methods to Determine New Psychoactive Substances in Hair

Recent Trends in Analytical Methods to Determine New Psychoactive Substances in Hair

Hair analysis for New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): Still far from becoming the tool to study NPS spread in the community?

The key role of mass spectrometry in comprehensive research on new psychoactive substances

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