Determination of wear metals in engine oil by mild acid digestion and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using solid phase extraction disks

Yang, Zheng; Hou, Xiandeng; Jones, Bradley T.

doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(02)00580-5

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Lighter metals like Mg and Al cannot be analyzed with XRF, and matrix effects can sometimes be difficult to remove (Liu et al, 1986;Toms, 1998;Yang et al, 2003).…”

Section: Magnetic Chip Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancement and current status of wear debris analysis for machine condition monitoring: a review

Kumar¹,

Mukherjee

Misra

2013

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology

110

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Purpose -The dependency on human expertise for analysis and interpretation is the main reason for wear debris analysis not being used in industry to its full potential and becoming one of the most powerful machine condition monitoring strategies. The dependency on human expertise makes the interpretation and result subjective in nature, costly and time consuming. The purpose of this paper is to review work being done to develop an automatic, reliable and objective wear particle classification system as a solution to the above problem. At the same time it also aims to discuss some common off line test methods being practiced for wear debris analysis. Design/methodology/approach -Computer image analysis is a solution for some of the problems associated with the conventional techniques. First it is tried to efficiently describe the characteristics of computer images of different types of wear debris using a few numerical parameters. Then using some Artificial Intelligence tools, the wear particle classification system can be developed. Findings -Many shape, size and surface parameters are discussed in the paper. Out of these, nine numerical parameters are selected to describe and distinguish six common type of wear debris. Once the type of debris is identified, the mode of wear and hence the machine condition can be assessed. Practical implications -The present process of fault and condition monitoring of an equipment by wear debris analysis involves human judgment of debris formations. A set-up standard for comparison of debris will enable the maintenance team to diagnose faults in a comparatively better way. Originality/value -The aim of this paper is to discuss the difficulties in identifying wear particles and finding out the exact health of equipment, which, due to its subjective nature, is influenced by human errors. An objective method with certain standards for classification of wear particles compatible with an artificial intelligence system will yield some flawless results of wear debris analysis, which has not been attempted in the past as per available literature.

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“…Lighter metals like Mg and Al cannot be analyzed with XRF, and matrix effects can sometimes be difficult to remove (Liu et al, 1986;Toms, 1998;Yang et al, 2003).…”

Section: Magnetic Chip Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancement and current status of wear debris analysis for machine condition monitoring: a review

Kumar¹,

Mukherjee

Misra

2013

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology

110

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“…Extreme environments can be experienced at X-ray fluerescence spectroscopy missions to Mercury and environments close to the sun (high temperatures 7 ) and Jupiter (intense radiation 8 ), as well as in engines and other oil lubricated machinery for real time X-ray fluorescence spectrometry condition monitoring. 9 Due to its advantageous properties, GaAs has intensively been investigated for X-ray detection over the past years. A 5 Â 5 GaAs diode array structure was reported; its ultrapure epitaxial planar layer, p þ -i-n þ structure, Schottky contact at the p þ layer, and the guard ring all contributed to the low dark current densities (<6 nA/cm À2 at room temperature).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature dependent characterization of gallium arsenide X-ray mesa p-i-n photodiodes

Lioliou

Barnett

2016

Journal of Applied Physics

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Electrical characterization of two GaAs p þ -i-n þ mesa X-ray photodiodes over the temperature range 0 C to 120 C together with characterization of one of the diodes as an X-ray detector over the temperature range 0 Ct o6 0 C is reported as part of the development of photon counting X-ray spectroscopic systems for harsh environments. The randomly selected diodes were fully etched and unpassivated. The diodes were 200 lm in diameter and had 7 lm thick i layers. The leakage current density was found to increase from (3 6 1) nA/cm À2 at 0 C to (24.36 6 0.05) lA/ cm À2 at 120 C for D1 and from a current density smaller than the uncertainty (0.2 6 1.2) nA/cm À2 at 0 C to (9.39 6 0.02) lA/cm À2 at 120 C for D2 at the maximum investigated reverse bias (15 V). The best energy resolution (FWHM at 5.9 keV) was achieved at 5 V reverse bias, at each temperature; 730 eV at 0 C, 750 eV at 20 C, 770 eV at 40 C, and 840 eV at 60 C. It was found that the parallel white noise was the main source of the photopeak broadening only when the detector operated at 60 C, at 5 V, 10 V, and 15 V reverse bias and at long shaping times (>5 ls), whereas the sum of the dielectric noise and charge trapping noise was the dominant source of noise for all the other spectra. V C 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4944892]

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“…Used motor oil was found to contain ppm quantities of Fe, Cu, and Zn. [33,34] that begin to enter the combustion cylinders through leaking piston rings as an engine ages. Similarly, a strong correlation has been established between metals present in diesel fuel and their incorporation into diesel particulate matter [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paramagnetic centers in particulate formed from the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene in the presence of Fe(III)2O3 nanoparticles

Herring¹,

Khachatryan²,

Lomnicki³

et al. 2013

Combustion and Flame

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The identity of radical species associated with particulate formed from the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN) was investigated using low temperature matrix isolation electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (LTMI-EPR), a specialized technique that provided a method of sampling and analysis of the gas-phase paramagnetic components. A superimposed EPR signal was identified to be a mixture of organic radicals (carbon and oxygen-centered) and soot. The carbon-centered radicals were identified as a mixture of the resonance-stabilized indenyl, cyclopentadienyl, and naphthalene 1-methylene radicals through the theoretical simulation of the radical’s hyperfine structure. Formation of these radical species was promoted by the addition of Fe(III)2O3 nanoparticles. Enhanced formation of resonance stabilized radicals from the addition of Fe(III)2O3 nanoparticles can account for the observed increased sooting tendency associated with Fe(III)2O3 nanoparticle addition.

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Determination of wear metals in engine oil by mild acid digestion and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using solid phase extraction disks

Cited by 33 publications

References 34 publications

Advancement and current status of wear debris analysis for machine condition monitoring: a review

Advancement and current status of wear debris analysis for machine condition monitoring: a review

Temperature dependent characterization of gallium arsenide X-ray mesa p-i-n photodiodes

Paramagnetic centers in particulate formed from the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene in the presence of Fe(III)2O3 nanoparticles

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