Determination of water content of crude oil by azeotropic distillation Karl Fischer coulometric titration

Catalytic microwave preheated co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomasses: A study on biofuel production and its characterization

“…The DM 143 SC electrode was utilized for the titration, and the "mixing time" was set to 60 seconds (the start of the measurement -insertion of the sample into the sample tube), the titration itself was 900 seconds, and the "delay time" was set to 60 seconds (60 seconds from reaching the first endpoint to the moment the titration ended). The Karl-Fischer technique was used to measure the amount of residual water in the organic phase (Zhen et al, 2020).…”

“…Following the pyrolysis process, the glass column, condensers, spatula, and vents connecting the condensers were thoroughly cleaned with acetone to reduce the loss caused by pyrolysis oil sticking to the glass equipment (Bhattacharjee and Biswas, 2019). The liquid fraction is the combination of oil and water content, the water content determined by the Karl-Fischer titration (Zhen et al, 2020), almost considered as a loss.…”

Development and Application of Certified Reference Materials of Light Crude Oil for Water Content

“…There are various methods for measuring the water content in crude oil, including distillation, 6 Karl Fischer titration (KFT), 7−13 azeotropic distillation-Karl Fischer titration (AD-KFCT), 14 centrifugation, 15 headspace gas chromatography (HSGC), 16 capacitance, 17 radio frequency, 18 γ-ray, and conductivity methods. 19 Distillation has advantages over some of the other methods, including inexpensive instrumentation, simple procedure, large range of water mass (from 0.05 to 5.0 g), and large range of water content (from 0.5 to 1000 mg/g), and distillation is accepted as the international standard method (ISO 9029) and is widely used in the trade and production of crude oil.…”

“…Compared with the KFT method, the AD-KFCT method avoids the side reactions of reducing compounds with iodine and possible incomplete dissolution of the crude oil in the Karl Fischer reagent and thus has better accuracy. 14 AD-KFCT suffers from a low range of water mass (from 0.05 to 10 mg) and water content (from 0.025 to 20 mg/g) able to be measured, similar to the KFCT method, and thus cannot be used to determine the water content in crude oil with a high water content. 14 The centrifugation method can be used to rapidly measure the water content of crude oil, but the existence of layers of sediment and emulsified water affects the reading of the water volume and thus reduces the accuracy of the measured water content.…”

Water Determination in Aromatic Sulfonyl Chlorides Using the Karl Fischer Titration Method: Scope and Limitations

“…Many examples illustrat the use of Karl Fischer titration to determine water content in chemicals, [7] pharmaceuticals, [8–13] oils, [14–16] food, [17–20] and other products [21,22] have been reported to date. Nevertheless, the method was demonstrated to have limited applicability in some cases.…”