Determination of Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistances of Enterococcus spp. Identified from Different Stages of Ripened (Classical) White Cheese Production

Abstract

The objective of this research was to determine the presence of virulence genes (asa1, gelE, cylA, ace, esp, hyl and efaA), and vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB, vanC2/C3) and the resistance to some antibiotics of Enterococcus spp. isolates previously identified from different stages of ripened white cheese production. In addition, gelatinase, β-hemolytic and DNase activity, and biofilm formations were examined phenotypically. In this study, efaA in 95.9%, asa1 in 89%, ace in 68.5%, esp in 52.1%, gelE in 78.1%, cylA in 16.4% and hyl in 23.3% of isolates were detected. Also, vanA in 31.5%, vanB in 8.2%, and in vanC2/C3 23.3% resistance genes were determined. β-hemolytic and DNase activity were detected in 23.2% and 16.4% of the isolates, while gelatinase activity and biofilm formation could not be detected phenotypically. Moreover, streptomycin and erythromycin resistances were found in 73.9% and in %43.8 of isolates. As a result, it was concluded that Enterococcus spp. may pose a risk for public health and food safety in terms of their virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. For this reason, it was suggested that the strains to be selected as starter cultures should be used after evaluating their virulence factors and resistance to antibiotics.

Analysis of Antibiotic-Resistant and Virulence Genes of Enterococcus Detected in Calf Colostrum—One Health Perspective

“…There are a variety of reasons for microbial contamination in colostrum. The presence of enterococci in colostrum may originate from mammary gland infection or be indicative of inadequate hygienic and sanitary conditions during milking, such as the fecal contamination of the animal’s skin, milking instruments or workers’ hands [ 27 , 29 ]. Some of the samples had been previously pasteurized, indicating that the bacteria were not eliminated due to inadequate heat treatment or that the colostrum may have suffered subsequent contamination [ 30 ].…”

Tavuk Etlerinde Enterococcus spp. Prevelansı, Direnç Profilleri, VanA ve VanB Direnç Genlerinin Varlığı

“…The antibiotic sensitivity of the E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates differ depending on geographical conditions. Various studies have been conducted in Turkey (Kasimoglu-Dogru et al 2010, Onaran et al 2019Gökmen and Ektik, 2022), Canada (Aslam et al 2012), Amerika-Tennessee (Kilonzo-Nthenge et al 2015), Northwest Greece (Gousia et al 2015), Colombia (Donado-Godoy et al 2015), and South Korea (Kim et al 2018;Kim et al 2019). In the present study, 40.3% of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin and 71.64% of the isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline.…”

“…In addition to the VanA and VanB genes, which are the best-identified vancomycin resistance genes in enterococci, VanC, VanD, VanE, VanG, VanL, VanM, and VanN resistances have also been observed (Arthur andCourvalin 1993, Ahmed andBaptiste 2018). Gökmen and Ektik (2022) found 31.5% VanA, 8.2% VanB and 23.3% VanC2/C3 resistance genes in Enterococcus spp isolates. This explains the phenotypical resistance to vancomycin that was found in this study.…”