Determination of verapamil by adsorptive stripping voltammetry in urine and pharmaceutical formulations

Selective Determination of Verapamil in Pharmaceutics and Urine Using a Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode Coupled to Flow Injection Analysis with Multiple‐pulse Amperometric Detection

“…Moreover, these authors also proposed that just one electron and one proton are involved in this process . On the other hand, the electrochemical behaviour of VP at carbon electrodes was characterized by a single anodic peak , whereas the reduction process was only observed at Hg electrode . Nevertheless, owing to the broad potential window of BDD electrode was possible to detect both cathodic and anodic processes.…”

“…Electroanalytical methods present advantages over other techniques such as high sensitivity and selectivity, relative low cost, portability and low waste generation. Among the electroanalytical methods reported in literature for VP detection, the most of them are based on the stationary voltammetric detection e. g., differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using a glassy carbon working electrode , square wave voltammetry (SWV) with a graphite electrode modified with polyurethane composite and the square‐wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry using pendant drop mercury electrode , modified glassy carbon with functionalized multilayer carbon nanotubes and gold nanoelectrode . Despite the success of the aforementioned methods, the fouling (passivation) of the solid working electrodes is a common drawback related to electrochemical detection, affecting sensitivity and reproducibility.…”

Recent studies on the electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric behaviour of selected nitrogen-containing drug molecules and its application to drug analysis using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

“…A sensitive reduction peak of verapamil has been obtained by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) in 0.01 M phosphate (pH 7.4) at an accumulation time of 30 s [25]. The peak potential was −1.81 V (versus Ag/AgCl) and presumably corresponds to reduction of the nitrile bond.…”

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“…[1][2] The drug and its formulations are officially listed in British Pharmacopoeia 3 which suggests potentiometric titration method, The United States Pharmacopoeia 4 recommends a gas chromatographic method and The Indian Pharmacopoeia 5 describes a non-aqueous titration method for its assay in bulk and dosage forms. The different analytical methods that are reported for its determination include high performance liquid chromatography, 6 high performance thin layer chromatography, 7 liquid chromatography, 8 gas chromatography, 9 potentiometry-conductometry, 10 stripping voltammetry, 11 and atomic emission spectrometry. 12 Although the above methods have adequate sensitivity to assay lower concentrations of the drug and hence use of these methods are justified when the concentration of drug in biological fluids is low.…”