Determination of ultraviolet filter compounds in environmental water samples using membrane‐protected micro‐solid‐phase extraction

Abstract

A method based on membrane-protected micro-solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of six ultraviolet filter compounds in various aqueous media. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as the sorbent were encapsulated in a sealed polypropylene membrane packet and immersed in the sample to extract the analytes, and then dichloromethane was used for desorption purpose. The method was sensitive enough for quantitative analysis of the target analytes, with limits of quantification between 0.01 and 0.06 μg/L, and produced a linear response (R > 0.991) over the calibration range (0.05-6 μg/L). The obtained reproducibility was practically suitable with relative standard deviation values of less than 14% in pure water (spiked at 0.20/μg L) and less than 15% in real samples. The optimized method was applied for the analysis of real water samples with varying matrix complexity: tap, river, and dam water; geothermal spa; and sewage treatment plant effluent. Various levels and patterns of contamination were observed in the examined samples, while the sample from spa was the most contaminated, regarding the target analytes. Matrix spikes and matrix spike replicates were also analyzed to validate the technique for analysis of real aqueous samples, and satisfactory results were achieved.

Optimization of solid‐phase extraction of parabens and benzophenones in water samples using a combination of Plakett‐Burman and Box‐Behnken designs

“…The LOD and LOQ calculated as three and ten standard deviations of the background noise, respectively, were in the range of 1.2-4.7 μg/L and 4.0-15.6 μg/L, much smaller than the 580 and 1 700 μg/L achieved for the determination of MePB by off-line preconcentration and HPLC-UV analysis [18]. Most studies described the use of HPLC with MS detection for the analysis of these PCPs compounds in water [5,9,[13][14][15] [51], which were similar to those described in the present study. The LODs allowed in this work were also comparable to concentrations found for PCPs in wastewater samples [9].…”

“…In wastewater effluents, B‐3 has been reported in concentrations from 5 to 10 400 ng/L . Concentrations of MePB and PrPB in wastewater effluent have been described from 69 to 3142 ng/L , and in other studies have been found in even higher concentrations from 14.24–15.22 μg/L and 23.59–24.14 μg/L, respectively . Thus, the effective environmental monitoring of PCPs in aqueous environmental matrices is required due to the absence of stringent regulation specific to these contaminants in water, as well as their possible adverse impacts on the environment and human reproductive health .…”

“…Recent studies have shown that some compounds could reach surface water [3,4]. In wastewater effluents, B-3 has been reported in concentrations from 5 to 10 400 ng/L [3][4][5]. Concentrations of MePB and PrPB in wastewater effluent have been described from 69 to 3142 ng/L [3][4][5], and in other studies have been found in even higher concentrations from 14.…”

Determination of personal care products in water using UHPLC–MS after solid phase extraction with mesoporous silica‐based MCM‐41 functionalized with cyanopropyl groups

“…UVFs have been determined in waters by LC‐UV [6,25,26], LC–MS/MS [15,27,28], and UHPLC–MS/MS [6,29–31], in addition to GC–MS with an additional derivatization step [6,32,33] and GC–MS/MS [34].…”

Rapid analysis of ultraviolet filters using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

“…HPLC and GC coupled with MS have been employed to analyze these analytes from real samples . A variety of sample preparation techniques have been exploited before chromatographic separation for the extraction and preconcentration of these analytes.…”