Determination of Trace Metals in Petroleum Fractions

Crude Oil and Fractional Spillages Resulting from Exploration and Exploitation in Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria: A Review About the Environmental and Public Health Impact

“…Gas and coke formation in crack stock is enhanced by copper (Cu) which promotes low gasoline production. Iron (fe) poisons catalysts and accelerates oxidation, which may result in unstable products (Milner, 1963, Ming and Bott 1956, Karchmer and Gunn 1952, Nickel deposits contaminate cracking catalysts more than any common metal leading to low gasoline yield. Vanadium during cracking processes is oxidized, yielding low melting pentoxide which deposits readily and contributes to catalyst poisoning, metal embrittlement and pitting of refining equipment and combustion deposits ash known to be toxic.…”

“…Vanadium during cracking processes is oxidized, yielding low melting pentoxide which deposits readily and contributes to catalyst poisoning, metal embrittlement and pitting of refining equipment and combustion deposits ash known to be toxic. Sodium (Na) on its own causes loss in catalytic activity, it also imparts corrosive properties and thereby reduces the life of furnace tubes, turbine blade and metal wearing (Karchmer and Gunn, 1952;Kawchan 1955;Bowman andWills, 1967 andGarner et al, 1953). Presence of certain trace metals particularly nickel and vanadium in crude oils is geochemically significant and provides information on the origin of crude oil.…”

A Flame Spectrophotometric Method for Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium in Fuel Oil.

“…The silica gel was applied as an aqueous slurry (30/100, w./v.) in excess on ribbed glass plates (5) which had been cleaned with chromic acid. The slurry was leveled and the excess removed by drawing a clean glass rod over the plate in the direction of the ribs.…”

Uranium and other trace elements in petroleums and rock asphalts

“…The accuracy of wet-ashing techniques compared to dry-ashing techniques in determining various elements still is not fully established. Some techniques and the magnitude of errors that can be expected for each have been discussed by Southwick (1951), Karchmer and Gunn (1952), Milner and others (1952), Gamble and Jones (1955), and Horeczy and others (1955). Techniques and probable errors for determination of vanadium, nickel, copper, and iron are more firmly established than for other metals.…”