Determination of Toxicity Equivalent Factors for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Electrophysiological Measurements in Cultured Neurons

Pérez, Sheila; Vale, Carmen; Botana, Ana M.; Albrecht, Eva; Vieytes, Mercedes R.; Botana, Luís M.

doi:10.1021/tx200173d

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Fortunately, we were able to use certified reference materials for 12 of the 18 PST derivatives investigated during this study. Although the N- sulfocarbamoyl analogues C3 and C4 and GTX6 are considered less toxic than most other PSTs [ 12 , 39 ], the high concentrations reached in mussels exposed to G. catenatum blooms showed a significant contribution of these low potency analogues to the PSP toxicity of the sample in our previous study [ 40 ]. Very little data exist on the bioaccumulation of GC toxin analogues, and no data exist for GC4–6 [ 6 , 41 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin Profile of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) from the Portuguese Coast, as Determined by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2015

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The marine dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum has been associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) outbreaks in Portuguese waters for many years. PSP syndrome is caused by consumption of seafood contaminated with paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), a suite of potent neurotoxins. Gymnodinium catenatum was frequently reported along the Portuguese coast throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, but was absent between 1995 and 2005. Since this time, G. catenatum blooms have been recurrent, causing contamination of fishery resources along the Atlantic coast of Portugal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxin profile of G. catenatum isolated from the Portuguese coast before and after the 10-year hiatus to determine changes and potential impacts for the region. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) was utilized to determine the presence of any known and emerging PSTs in sample extracts. Several PST derivatives were identified, including the N-sulfocarbamoyl analogues (C1–4), gonyautoxin 5 (GTX5), gonyautoxin 6 (GTX6), and decarbamoyl derivatives, decarbamoyl saxitoxin (dcSTX), decarbamoyl neosaxitoxin (dcNeo) and decarbamoyl gonyautoxin 3 (dcGTX3). In addition, three known hydroxy benzoate derivatives, G. catenatum toxin 1 (GC1), GC2 and GC3, were confirmed in cultured and wild strains of G. catenatum. Moreover, two presumed N-hydroxylated analogues of GC2 and GC3, designated GC5 and GC6, are reported. This work contributes to our understanding of the toxigenicity of G. catenatum in the coastal waters of Portugal and provides valuable information on emerging PST classes that may be relevant for routine monitoring programs tasked with the prevention and control of marine toxins in fish and shellfish.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin Profile of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) from the Portuguese Coast, as Determined by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2015

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“…These toxins can be can be divided in three groups: Carbamoyl-toxins, N-sulfocarbamoyl-toxins and decarbamoyl-toxins (Ctoxins). Up to now, 57 analogues have been ascribed to this STX-group, each of them possessing a different toxic capability (>carbamoyltoxins >decarbamoyltoxins > N-sulfocarbamoyltoxins (Ctoxins)) (Perez et al 2011). Among the most important STX-group congers, gonyautoxins (GTX), (GTX4/GTX1, GTX5 and GTX3/GTX2), neosaxitoxin (neoSTX) and saxitoxin (STX) stand out (Kodama 2010;Munday et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saxitoxins and okadaic acid group: accumulation and distribution in invertebrate marine vectors from Southern Chile

Garcı́a

Pérez

Contreras

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Harmful algae blooms (HABs) are the main source of marine toxins in the aquatic environment surrounding the austral fjords in Chile. Huichas Island (Aysén) has an history of HABs spanning more than 30 years, but there is limited investigation of the bioaccumulation of marine toxins in the bivalves and gastropods from the Region of Aysén. In this study, bivalves (Mytilus chilenses, Choromytilus chorus, Aulacomya ater, Gari solida, Tagelus dombeii and Venus antiqua) and carnivorous gastropods (Argobuccinum ranelliformes and Concholepas concholepas) were collected from 28 sites. Researchers analysed the accumulation of STX-group toxins using a LC with a derivatisation post column (LC-PCOX), while lipophilic toxins (OA-group, azapiracids, pectenotoxins and yessotoxins) were analysed using LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionisation (+/-) in visceral (hepatopancreas) and non-visceral tissues (mantle, adductor muscle, gills and foot). Levels of STX-group and OA-group toxins varied among individuals from the same site. Among all tissue samples, the highest concentrations of STX-group toxins were noted in the hepatopancreas in V. antiqua (95 ± 0.1 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)), T. dombeii (148 ± 1.4 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)) and G. solida (3232 ± 5.2 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1); p < 0.05); in the adductor muscle in M. chilensis (2495 ± 6.4 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1); p < 0.05) and in the foot in C. concholepas (81 ± 0.7 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)) and T. dombeii (114 ± 1.2 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)). The highest variability of toxins was detected in G. solida, where high levels of carbamate derivatives were identified (GTXs, neoSTX and STX). In addition to the detected hydrophilic toxins, OA-group toxins were detected (OA and DTX-1) with an average ratio of ≈1:1. The highest levels of OA-group toxins were in the foot of C. concholepas, with levels of 400.3 ± 3.6 μg OA eq kg(-1) (p < 0.05) and with a toxic profile composed of 90% OA. A wide range of OA-group toxins was detected in M. chilensis with a toxicity < 80 μg OA eq kg(-1), but with 74% of those toxins detected in the adductor muscle. In all evaluated species, there was no detection of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods. In addition, the STX-group and OA-group toxin concentrations in shellfish was not associated with the presence of HAB. The ranking of toxin concentration in the tissues of most species was: digestive glands > mantle > adductor muscle for the STX-group toxins and foot > digestive gland for the OA-group toxins. These results gave a better understanding of the variability and compartmentalisation of STX-group and OA-group toxins in different bivalve and gastropod species from the south of Chile, and the analyses determined that tissues could play an important role in the biotransformation of STX-group toxins and the retention of OA-group toxins.

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“…7: Sodium currents voltage-dependent inhibition in primary cultures of cerebellar neurons (Perez, et al, 2011).…”

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Derivation of toxicity equivalency factors for marine biotoxins associated with Bivalve Molluscs

Botana

Heß

Munday

et al. 2017

Trends in Food Science & Technology

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Background Seafood toxins pose an important risk to human health, and maximum levels were imposed by regulatory authorities throughout the world. Several toxin groups are known, each one with many analogues of the major toxin. Regulatory limits are set to ensure that commercially available seafood is not contaminated with unsafe levels. Scope and Approach The mouse bioassay was used to measure the toxicity in seafood extracts to determine if a sample exceeded regulatory limits. The advantage of this approach was to provide an estimation of the total toxicity in the sample. As instrumental methods of analysis advance and serve as replacements to the mouse bioassay, the challenge is translating individual toxin concentrations into toxicity to determine whether regulatory limits have been exceeded. Such analyses provide accurate quantitation of the toxin Please note that this is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available on the publisher Web site. analogues, by they have widely dissimilar potencies. Thus, knowledge of the relative toxicities is required for risk assessment and determining overall toxicity. The ratios between the toxicity of the analogues and that of a reference compound within the same toxin group are termed "Toxicity Equivalency Factors" (TEFs). Key Findings and Conclusions In this document, the requirements for determining TEFs of toxin analogues are described, and recommendations for research to further refine TEFs are identified. The proposed TEFs herein, when applied to toxin analogue concentrations determined using analytical methods, will provide a base to determine overall toxicity, thereby protecting human health. Highlights ► Marine toxins TEF are revised according to recent toxicology studies. ► TEF for each toxin group are proposed. ► The proposed TEF were agreed by a joint FAO-WHO working group.

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Determination of Toxicity Equivalent Factors for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Electrophysiological Measurements in Cultured Neurons

Cited by 29 publications

References 33 publications

Toxin Profile of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) from the Portuguese Coast, as Determined by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Toxin Profile of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) from the Portuguese Coast, as Determined by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Saxitoxins and okadaic acid group: accumulation and distribution in invertebrate marine vectors from Southern Chile

Derivation of toxicity equivalency factors for marine biotoxins associated with Bivalve Molluscs

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