Determination of total mercury in hydrocarbons and natural gas condensate by atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Shafawi, Azman; Ebdon, Les; Foulkes, Mike E.; Stockwell, Peter; Corns, Warren T.

doi:10.1039/a809679a

Cited by 90 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…The condensates in the upper half of Bloom's data come mostly from the Gulf of Thailand. These Asian condensates are not processed in the United States but are prevalent in reported data (14,15,17) because they are problematic to petrochemical manufacture. The mean of the lower half of condensate samples analyzed in Bloom's laboratory was reported as approximately 20 ppb.…”

Section: Recent Data On Mercury In Crude Oil and Condensatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bloom (14) found total Hg in unfiltered crude oils ranging between sub-parts per billion levels to oversaturation (several parts per million). Also included in Table 3 are data for mercury in condensates (15)(16)(17) that are hydrocarbon liquids originating from gas fields but processed in refineries as opposed to gas plants. Condensates can be refined or used as feeds to petrochemical manufacture.…”

Section: Recent Data On Mercury In Crude Oil and Condensatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimate of Mercury Emissions to the Atmosphere from Petroleum

Sm¹

2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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An estimate of the contribution of mercury to the atmospheric environment from petroleum processed in the United States is constructed from recent data. The estimate is based on a mass balance approach for mercury in crude oil, in refined products, and in waste streams (air, water, solid waste) from refineries. Although there are insufficient data at present to have a high degree of confidence in the mean amount and range of mercury concentrations in crude oil or in refined products, the framework of the estimate should assist direction for the acquisition of additional data. On the basis of selected data that put the estimated mean concentration of total mercury in crude oil close to 10 ppb, it is calculated that the total amount of mercury in U.S. petroleum processed yearly is slightly over 8000 kg/yr. Of this amount, approximately 6000 kg/yr is estimated to be emitted to the atmosphere from combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, which represents about 10% of the U.S. yearly emission rate of atmospheric mercury from coal combustion. The material balance predicts that the amount of mercury in air emissions from all U.S. refineries is on the order of 1500 kg/yr based on the assumption that fugitive mercury emissions from refineries are negligible. Atmospheric emissions of mercury from fuel oil burned in the United States are estimated in the U.S. EPA Mercury Report to Congress to be approximately 10 000 kg/yr, and this estimate may be in error on the high side by a factor of 3−10. If the mean amounts of mercury in U.S. distillate and residual fuel oils are in the range of 5−15 ppb, as suggested by more recent data, then U.S. fuel oil combustion should contribute no more that about 1000−3000 kg/yr (emission ratio = 1) of mercury to the atmospheric burden.

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Section: Recent Data On Mercury In Crude Oil and Condensatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Data On Mercury In Crude Oil and Condensatementioning

confidence: 99%

Estimate of Mercury Emissions to the Atmosphere from Petroleum

Sm¹

2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The typical mercury concentration in natural gas and natural gas condensate is between 1 and 200 µg Nm −3 of gas (Shafawi et al, 1999). Mercury in natural gas condensate could be present in various forms (elemental, organometallic and inorganic salt), depending on the origin of the condensates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Gold (Au) Nanoparticles for Mercury Adsorption

Kamarudin¹

2010

American Journal of Applied Sciences

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Problem statement: Mercury is not only hazardous to human health and the environment but could also attack equipment components resulting in a mechanical failure and gas leakage. Approach: Describes the preparation of various sizes and shapes of Au nanoparticles for mercury adsorption by using polyol method under MW heating. Au nanoparticles have been synthesized by a polyol method under Microwave (MW) heating in the presence of Au seed ([Au] 1 /[Au] 0 = 6 of molar ratio) and different Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) concentrations (11.1, 22.2 and 33.3 mM). The amount of mercury adsorbed was determined by analyzing the concentration of mercury solution before and after the contacts with various sizes and shapes of Au nanoparticles. Results: When the lower PVP concentration (11.1 mM) was used, polygonal and spherical nanoparticles were dominantly present, while spherical nanoparticles were preferentially form by using higher PVP concentrations (22.2 and 3.33 mM). It was found that the diameter and length of Au nanoparticles decreased with increasing PVP concentrations. When Au nanoparticles solution was prepared using Au seed, significant changes in sizes and shapes of Au seed occurred. Spherical nanoparticles in the Au seed (22.2 mM) were completely changed to polygonal nanoparticles. The amount of mercury adsorbed using 9 ppm mercury solution on polygonal nanoparticles is higher (64.88%) than spherical nanoparticles (18.77%). Conclusion: These results indicated that mercury adsorption strongly depends on the sizes and shapes of Au nanoparticles. Polygonal nanoparticles adsorbed more mercury than spherical nanoparticles but the amount mercury adsorbed is inversely proportional to their size.

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“…Flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, 4,5 atomic fluorescence spectrometry 6,7,20 , and spectrophotometric 8 , are the most common methods, but their sensitivity is usually insufficient for the low concentration in environmental samples. Consequently, a preconcentration and matrix elimination step is usually required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DABTZ as a New Reagent for Solid Phase Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amount of Hg(II) in Water Sample

2006

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Summary -A novel sensitive and simple method for rapid and selective extraction, preconcentration and determination of mercury as its 2,2´ diamino-4,4´ bithiazole (DABTZ) complex by using octadecylsilica cartridges and spectrophotometry is presented. Extraction efficiency and the influence of flow rates of sample solution and eluent, pH, amount of DABTZ, type and least amount of eluent for elution of mercury complex from cartridges, break through volume and limit of detection were evaluated. Also the effects of various cationic and anionic interferences on percent recovery of mercury were studied. Average extraction efficiency >90% was obtained by elution of the cartridge with minimal amount of solvent in the presence of interferences. A preconcentration factor of 152 and a detection limit of 10.92 ng mL -1 were obtained. The method was applied to the recovery and determination of mercury in different water samples.

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Determination of total mercury in hydrocarbons and natural gas condensate by atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Cited by 90 publications

References 10 publications

Estimate of Mercury Emissions to the Atmosphere from Petroleum

Estimate of Mercury Emissions to the Atmosphere from Petroleum

Synthesis of Gold (Au) Nanoparticles for Mercury Adsorption

DABTZ as a New Reagent for Solid Phase Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amount of Hg(II) in Water Sample

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