Determination of the Volume of the Extracellular Fluid of the Body With Radioactive Sodium

Abstract

A method for measuring the volume of fluid available for the distribution of sodium (sodium space) by the use of its radioactive isotope (Na24) has been described and the accuracy of the method has been discussed. Simultaneous determinations of the plasma volume by means of the blue dye T-1824 and the volume of the extracellular fluid by employing radiosodium and sodium thiocyanate have been made in normal subjects. Repeated measurements were made at varying periods of time in the same individuals. In order to establish the rate of diffusion equilibrium for the radioactive isotope of sodium and thiocyanate between serum and serous effusions, simultaneous samples of both were obtained at varying intervals after the intravenous injection of these substances. Since evidence in the literature indicates that there is an excess of sodium mainly limited to bone, which cannot be attributed to the extracellular phase, experiments on dogs and man were so devised that the ratio of tissue concentration to plasma concentration for radiosodium and chemically determined chloride could be calculated. The following conclusions may be drawn from the results of this investigation: 1. Radiosodium after intravenous administration spreads rapidly during the first 3 hours from the plasma into a volume of fluid which represents approximately 25 per cent of the body weight of man. Thereafter for 6 hours it diffuses more slowly into certain tissue spaces—the central nervous system and probably the skeleton. The plasma volume and interstitial fluid represent 15 and 85 per cent of the sodium space respectively. 2. Diffusion equilibrium for both radiosodium and thiocyanate is not established between serum and transudates in edematous patients until from 9 to 12 hours after the intravenous injection of these substances. 3. Until more complete information is available, it is concluded that unless the difference between repeated observations on the same individual exceeds ±1.38 liters there is no significant change in the sodium space providing that the activity of the standard and serum samples are in the range of 40 counts per minute per milliliter with the counting apparatus used. As the activity of the samples increases, the error becomes less because there is no correlation between the magnitude of the error and the magnitude of the activity. 4. Climatic conditions produce no significant changes in the volume of the blood or extracellular fluid. 5. In the dog, following the intravenous injection of radiosodium, the concentration of the isotope in bone reaches its maximum rapidly (3 hours). The extra sodium in the skeleton of dog is equal to about ¼ of the total counts in the body, assuming that the chloride space of bone represents its extracellular volume. Similar amounts of excess sodium are found in the skeleton of man 12 hours after the administration of Na24. 6. Correction of the sodium space of man for the excess sodium reduced the average value by 3.7 liters or 18.9 per cent. The average corrected volume for the normal subjects 6 hours after the injection is 15.9 liters or 21.1 per cent of the body weight compared with the thiocyanate space of 17.7 liters, representing 23.5 per cent of the body weight. 7. The most useful method for calculating the sodium space from the data obtained after intravenous administration of radiosodium is as follows: See PDF for Equation This space exceeds the volume of extracellular fluid by the amount of excess sodium in the body that cannot be attributed to the extracellular phase. 8. While neither the thiocyanate method nor the radiosodium method gives precise estimates of the extracellular fluid, the error is of the same order of magnitude in both. For clinical use, the thiocyanate method is superior because of the ready availability of the substance, and the apparatus required.

An Evaluation of Radiosulfate for the Determination of the Volume of Extracellular Fluid in Man and Dogs 1

“…Radioactive labelling has made possible the use of sodium (18, [20][21][22][23] and chloride (18,24,25).…”

The Measurement of Extracellular Fluid in Man by Means of a Constant Infusion Technique 1

“…Sodium is normally present in erythrocytes (1-3), striated muscle (4,5), spinal cord, cartilage and bone (4,6,7). Chloride penetrates erythrocytes, connective tissue, pyloric mucosa, testes, salivary glands and cells of the central nervous system (6,8).…”

“…Bromide interchanges freely with chloride in all tissues except the central nervous system (9, 10) and therefore probably shares with chloride the property of cell penetration. Thiocyanate is bound to lipid and penetrates erythrocytes, gastric mucosa and other tissues (7,(11)(12)(13)(14) and in bacteremia, spotted fever and malaria, and following artificial hyperpyrexia thiocyanate space may approach the value for total body water (15)(16)(17). Apparently, therefore, these ions may be used in normal individuals only for approximation of the volume of extracellular water, and in pathological states altered cellular permeability may invalidate even such approximate measurements.…”

Body composition of women

“…Since thiocyanate is reported to over estimate the extracellular fluid, the factor .7, which was recommended by Keys and Brozek (10), was used to convert the thiocyanate space to extracellular space; the mean extracel lular fluid was then 18.3% of body weight with a range from 13.7 to 22.7% of body weight. This value is slightly lower than the values of 22 to 25% of body weight reported for men (10,69,76,77,82,96,164) but slightly higher than the mean value of 14.9% of body weight with a range from 9.8 to Table 7.…”