Determination of the volatile fraction of phosphorus flame retardants in cushioning foam of upholstered furniture: towards respiratory exposure assessment

Ghislain, Mylène; Beigbeder, J.; Dumazert, Loïc; Lopez‐Cuesta, José‐Marie; Lounis, Mohammed; Leconte, Stéphane; Desauziers, Valérie

doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5566-y

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Despite the realistic incorporation rates and mode (additive process) [8], the emitted amounts are very high (y 0 in the mg/m 3 order level), showing a strong ability of the polyurethane foams to release OPs. This confirms the results of a previous study [46], where OPs were detected at high levels in commercial cushioning foams manufactured by additive process. This shows the important impact that upholstered furniture may have as flame retardant sources indoors.…”

Section: Validation Of Y 0 Measurementsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This study was conducted on materials synthetized in the laboratory: two soft polyurethane foams (PU) containing seven organophosphate esters ( Table 1) with individual concentrations of 5 and 7.6 wt% , respectively, were implemented [46]: TBP, TCEP, and TCP (isomers mixture) standards were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), TEP by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), TPP, TCPP (isomers mixture), and TDCPP by ICL-products (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). These compounds were selected to evaluate the method over a wide range of physicochemical properties (volatility, octanol/air partition coefficient).…”

Section: Materials Samples and Target Svocsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New sampling device for on-site measurement of SVOC gas-phase concentration at the emitting material surface

et al. 2017

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The gas-phase concentration at the material surface (y ) is pointed out in the literature as a key parameter to describe semivolatile organic compound (SVOC) emissions from materials. This is an important input data in predictive models of SVOC behavior indoors and risk exposure assessment. However, most of the existing measurement methods consist of determining emission rates and not y and none allow on-site sampling. Hence, a new passive sampler was developed. It consists of a glass cell that is simply placed on the material surface until reaching equilibrium between material and air; y is then determined by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling and GC-MS analysis. The limits of detection are at the μg/m level and relative standard deviations (RSD) below 10%. A variation of 11% between two sets of experiments involving different cell volumes confirmed the y measurement. In addition, due to the ability of SVOCs to be sorbed on surfaces, the cell wall/air partition was assessed by determining the inner cell surface concentration of SVOCs, which is the concentration of SVOCs adsorbed on the glass, and the cell surface/air partition coefficient (K ). The recovery yields of the SVOCs sorbed on the cell walls are strongly compound-dependent and comprise between 2 and 93%. The K coefficients are found to be lower than the stainless steel/air partition coefficient (K ), showing that glass is suitable for the SVOC sampling. This innovative tool opens up promising perspectives in terms of identification of SVOC sources and quantification of their emissions indoors, and would significantly contribute to human exposure assessment. Graphical Abstract Passive sampling for the determination of SVOCs concentration at the material/air interface.

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Section: Validation Of Y 0 Measurementsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Materials Samples and Target Svocsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New sampling device for on-site measurement of SVOC gas-phase concentration at the emitting material surface

et al. 2017

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“…The first route of exposure, i.e. inhalation, is usually considered in risk assessment of FRs [20,21]. However, the second route of exposure, i.e.…”

Section: Migration Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fireproofing of domestic upholstered furniture: Migration of flame retardants and potential risks

Lounis

Leconte

Rousselle

et al. 2019

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Flame retardants (FRs) are widely incorporated in polyurethane foams to decrease their fire reaction. Currently, the risks associated with the use of FRs in domestic upholstered furniture (UF) are evaluated according to FRs volatility and potency to be emitted into the atmosphere. However, exposure via contact and dermal penetration, mediated by sweat, has not been considered so far. Our study provides an identification of the latest-generation of FRs most commonly used in UF, and an evaluation of their potency to migrate into artificial sweat. First of all, an extensive literature search, along with surveys with professionals, led to the identification of twenty-two FRs and synergists commonly used in France and Europe. Then, migration into artificial sweat of various FRs embedded into synthetic or commercially available polymer matrix was studied and evidenced. These results were analysed in the light of their potential effects on human health and the environment. Based on the migration's data, it is not possible to clearly rule out potential effects of FRs on human and environment health. Therefore, the authors consider that the use of FRs in domestic upholstery does not seem to be justified due to potential risks and a lack of clear benefits.

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“…They are semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) that are used in a variety of consumer products. Since brominated flame retardants were phased out, the production of OPEs has increased. − While OPEs are most commonly used for fireproofing polyurethane foams, , they have many other applications in a wide variety of everyday consumer products, such as plasticizers and solvents in thermoplastics, electronic devices, oils, lubricants and polishes, food packaging, and even baby products. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Chemical Ionization of Organophosphate Esters in Air Using Selected Ion Flow Tube–Mass Spectrometry for Direct Analysis

Ghislain

Reyrolle

Sotiropoulos

et al. 2022

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Organophosphate esters are an emerging environmental concern since they spread persistently across all environmental compartments (air, soil, water, etc.). Measurements of semivolatile organic compounds are important but not without challenges due to their physicochemical properties. Selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) can be relevant for their analysis in air because it is a direct analytical method without separation that requires little preparation and no external calibration. SIFT-MS is based on the chemical reactivity of analytes with reactant ions. For volatile and semivolatile organic compound analysis in the gas phase, knowledge of ion–molecule reactions and kinetic parameters is essential for the utilization of this technology. In the present work, we focused on organophosphate esters, semivolatile compounds that are now ubiquitous in the environment. The ion–molecule reactions of eight precursor ions that are available in SIFT-MS (H3O+, NO+, O2 •+, OH–, O•–, O2 •–, NO2 –, and NO3 –) with six organophosphate esters were investigated. The modeling of ion–molecule reaction pathways by calculations supported and complemented the experimental work. Organophosphate esters reacted with six of the eight precursor ions with characteristic reaction mechanisms, such as protonation with hydronium precursor ions and association with NO+ ions, while nucleophilic substitution occurred with OH–, O•–, and O2 •–. No reaction was observed with NO2 – and NO3 – ions. This work shows that the direct analysis of semivolatile organic compounds is feasible using SIFT-MS with both positive and negative ionization modes.

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Determination of the volatile fraction of phosphorus flame retardants in cushioning foam of upholstered furniture: towards respiratory exposure assessment

Cited by 10 publications

References 39 publications

New sampling device for on-site measurement of SVOC gas-phase concentration at the emitting material surface

New sampling device for on-site measurement of SVOC gas-phase concentration at the emitting material surface

Fireproofing of domestic upholstered furniture: Migration of flame retardants and potential risks

Study of the Chemical Ionization of Organophosphate Esters in Air Using Selected Ion Flow Tube–Mass Spectrometry for Direct Analysis

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