Determination of the UV filters worldwide authorised in sunscreens by high-performance liquid chromatography

UV-filters are a group of compounds designed mainly to protect skin against UVA and UVB radiation, but they are also included in plastics, furniture, etc., to protect products from light damage. Their massive use in sunscreens for skin protection has been increasing due to the awareness of the chronic and acute effects of UV radiation. Some organic UV-filters have raised significant concerns in the past few years for their continuous usage, persistent input and potential threat to ecological environment and human health. UV-filters end up is wastewater and because wastewater treatment plants are not efficient in removing them, lipophilic compounds tend to sorb onto sludge and hydrophilics end up in river water, contaminating the existing biota. To better understand the risk associated with UV-filters in the environment a thorough review regarding their physicochemical properties, toxicity and environmental degradation, analytical methods and their occurrence was conducted.Higher UV-filter concentrations were found in rivers, reaching 0.3 mg/L for the most studied family, the benzophenone derivatives. Concentrations in the ng to µg/L range were also detected for the paminobenzoic acid, cinnamate, crylene and benzoyl methane derivatives in lake and sea water.Although at lower levels (few ng/L), UV-filters were also found in tap and groundwater. Swimming pool water is also a sink for UV-filters and its chlorine by-products, at the µg/L range, highlighting the benzophenone and benzimidazole derivatives. Soils and sediments are not frequently studied, but concentrations in the µg/L range have already been found especially for the benzophenone and crylene derivatives. Aquatic biota is frequently studied and UV-filters are found in the ng/g-dw range with higher values for fish and mussels. It has been concluded that more information regarding UVfilter degradation studies both in water and sediments is necessary and environmental occurrences should be monitored more frequently and deeply. SEHSDT -sequential extraction with high-speed dispersion tool; SLE -solid-liquid extraction; SPEsolid-phase extraction; SPF -sun protection factor; SPLE -selective pressurized liquid extraction;SPMDs -semipermeable membrane devices; SPME -solid phase microextraction; TD -thermal desorption; TCE -tetrachloroethylene; THF -tetrahydrofuran; Tl -toluene; UPLC -ultraperformance liquid chromatography; USE -ultrasound extraction; UV -ultraviolet; WTP -water treatment plant; WWTP -wastewater treatment plant 4

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“…This results in an increased population exposure to a higher and greater diversity of UV-filters (Chisvert et al, 2001;Manova et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in analytical methods and occurrence of organic UV-filters in the environment — A review

Ramos

Homem

Alves

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

258

110

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“…For comparison of the analytical characteristics of this method, the figures of merit of various methods for benzophenones separation and determination are listed in Table 3. As can be seen, the LODs of this method are superior to the other methods [2,3,5].…”

Section: Separation Performance: Evaluation Of the Combined Methodologymentioning

confidence: 89%

“…However, in the case of organic filters, some dermatological reactions have been described [4]. Hence, the assay of sunscreen agents in cosmetic products is important for validity and checking their conformity to the regulation formulae [3,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloud point extraction combined with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography determination of benzophenones in cosmetic matrix

Jiang

liu

et al. 2008

Electrophoresis

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A method has been developed for the separation and determination of three hydrophobic benzophenones: 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 2,2'4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP-2), and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3) in sunscreen by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) combined with cloud point extraction (CPE). The analytes were extracted at pH 5.0 by micelles of the nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene-7.5-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-114). A 150 microL aliquot from the extracted surfactant-rich phase was diluted up to 500 microL with ethanol to reduce its viscosity before separation by MEKC. A background electrolyte of 25 mmol/L sodium tetraborate containing 30 mmol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate at pH 9.25 was used as the separation medium to avoid the adsorption of hydrophobic substances and Triton X-114 onto the inner surface of the separation capillary, ensuring the separation efficiency and reproducibility. Detection is performed at 290 nm. Under the optimized conditions, an enrichment factor of 20 was obtained and the determination limits of BP-1, BP-2, and BP-3 were found to be 3.90 x 10(-) (7), 3.83 x 10(-7), and 6.42 x 10(-8) mol/L, respectively. In comparison with the earlier reported methods, the LODs of this method are superior to the other methods. The presented procedure was successfully applied to the determination of BP-1, BP-2, and BP-3 in sunscreen with satisfactory results.

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“…However, in the literature, there are only a few papers dealing with the analysis of sunscreen agents in cosmetic formulations. UVfilters have been analyzed in cosmetic products using CE [4][5][6][7], HPLC [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], or UV-Vis spectrophotometry [15,16]. These works were focused on the identification and/or quantitation of the total content of the studied UV-filters in mixtures from 2 to 24 compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enantioselective separation of the sunscreen agent 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor by electrokinetic chromatography: Quantitative analysis in cosmetic formulations

2005

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Enantioselective separation of the sunscreen agent 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor by electrokinetic chromatography: Quantitative analysis in cosmetic formulations3-(4-Methylbenzylidene)-camphor (MBC) is a chiral sunscreen agent used in cosmetic products. In this work, the enantioseparation of MBC has been performed by EKC and applied to the analysis of the MBC enantiomers in cosmetic creams. Different experimental conditions (type and concentration of the chiral selector, temperature, and sample solvent) have been optimized. Due to the neutral nature of this compound, anionic CD derivatives were investigated as chiral selectors. Carboxymethylated-b-CD (CM-b-CD) showed the highest chiral separation power, observing that a 15 mM concentration of this CD at a working temperature of 157C enabled to obtain the highest enantioresolution. However, under these conditions, tailing of peaks obtained for the enantiomers was observed. The addition of increasing concentrations of the neutral a-CD to CM-b-CD at a 15 mM concentration in a 100 mM borate buffer at pH 9.0 improved the enantiomeric separation and decreased peak tailing. The use of DMF for the total dissolution of the cosmetic creams, and methanol:water (1:1 v/v) for appropriate dilution enabled to observe good shape and size for the peaks of the MBC enantiomers. After optimizing a method for the preconditioning of the capillary, the analytical characteristics of the chiral separation method for the analysis of MBC were investigated. Linearity, LODs and LOQs, precision (instrumental repeatability, method repeatability, intermediate precision), accuracy, and selectivity were evaluated.The method was applied to analyze MBC enantiomers contained in two commercial cosmetic creams containing racemic MBC and to study the skin absorption of this compound with time.

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Determination of the UV filters worldwide authorised in sunscreens by high-performance liquid chromatography

Cited by 78 publications

References 20 publications

Advances in analytical methods and occurrence of organic UV-filters in the environment — A review

Advances in analytical methods and occurrence of organic UV-filters in the environment — A review

Cloud point extraction combined with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography determination of benzophenones in cosmetic matrix

Enantioselective separation of the sunscreen agent 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor by electrokinetic chromatography: Quantitative analysis in cosmetic formulations

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