Determination of the spatial orientation and shape of pulmonary vein ostia by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography

Abstract

PV ostial shape and spatial orientation are variable and can be visualized adequately by CE-MRA.

Pulmonary veins of the patients with atrial fibrillation: Dual-source computed tomography evaluation prior to radiofrequency catheter ablation

“…Our data showed the spatial orientation of each PV was rather constant, which was in line with the former study [10]. Moreover, the orientation angle of each PV was independent of sex and the patients suffered AF or not [11].…”

“…However, anatomic details of PVs could not be adequately described by fluoroscopy alone and therefore should be precisely evaluated prior to RFCA. To date, no studies have evaluated PV anatomy by using dual-source computed tomography (DSCT) [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. This study used a DSCT to exam the PVs of the patients with the aim of evaluating the PV variations, ostial anatomy and the spatial orientation of each PV.…”

Pulmonary Vein Imaging with Unenhanced Three-dimensional Balanced Steady-State Free Precession MR Angiography: Initial Clinical Evaluation

“…While both CT and MR angiography are commonly used for PV imaging (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), CT angiography has substantial drawbacks, including the use of ionizing radiation (30) and nephrotoxic contrast agents (31,32). Because patients with atrial fibrillation return for follow-up examinations at frequent short-term intervals prior to and following RF ablation, MR angiography is frequently preferred.…”

“…Along with computed tomographic (CT) angiography (2)(3)(4)(5)(6), magnetic resonance (MR) angiography (2,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) has become an established modality for PV evaluation prior to and following RF ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Contrast material-enhanced MR angiographic techniques are primarily used for PV evaluation because of their high spatial resolution and reliability (12).…”

Pulmonary vein orientation assessment: Is it necessary in patients undergoing contact force sensing guided radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation

“…The PV trunk orientation measurement has been described before ([9], [10], Association between pulmonary vein orientation and atrial fibrillation free survival in patients undergoing endoscopic laser balloon ablation [8]). The orientation of the PV trunk at the site of insertion into the LA was assessed for all PVs in both the transverse and frontal plane.…”