Determination of the source regions for surface to stratosphere transport: An Eulerian backtracking approach

Haines, Philip; Esler, J. G.

doi:10.1002/2013gl058757

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…1 in Carpenter et al, 2015). The vertical flux into the TTL is thought to be dominated by two main regional pathways: (1) ascent above the western Pacific during Northern Hemispheric (NH) winter and (2) the circulation of the Asian (Indian) Monsoon during NH summer (Fueglistaler et al, 2005;Randel et al, 2010;Bergman et al, 2012;Haines et al, 2014). The latter has been suggested as the most important region for the transport of anthropogenic pollution (Randel et al, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

A growing threat to the ozone layer from short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Large and effective reductions in emissions of long-lived ozone-depleting substance (ODS) are being achieved through the Montreal Protocol, the effectiveness of which can be seen in the declining atmospheric abundances of many ODSs. An important remaining uncertainty concerns the role of very short-lived substances (VSLSs) which, owing to their relatively short atmospheric lifetimes (less than 6 months), are not regulated under the Montreal Protocol. Recent studies have found an unexplained increase in the global tropospheric abundance of one VSLS, dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), which has increased by around 60 % over the past decade. Here we report dramatic enhancements of several chlorine-containing VSLSs (Cl-VSLSs), including CH 2 Cl 2 and CH 2 ClCH 2 Cl (1,2-dichloroethane), observed in surface and upper-tropospheric air in East and South East Asia. Surface observations were, on occasion, an order of magnitude higher than previously reported in the marine boundary layer, whilst upper-tropospheric data were up to 3 times higher than expected. In addition, we provide further evidence of an atmospheric transport mechanism whereby substantial amounts of industrial pollution from East Asia, including these chlorinated VSLSs, can rapidly, and regularly, be transported to tropical regions of the western Pacific and subsequently uplifted to the tropical upper troposphere. This latter region is a major provider of air entering the stratosphere, and so this mechanism, in conjunction with increasing emissions of Cl-VSLSs from East Asia, could potentially slow the expected recovery of stratospheric ozone.

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A growing threat to the ozone layer from short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons

et al. 2017

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“…Manning et al, 2003;Stohl et al, 2003;Seibert and Frank, 2004;Stohl, 2006;Polson et al, 2011). By way of demonstration, RETRO-TOM has recently been used successfully (Haines and Esler, 2014) to quantify the efficiency of different surface source locations for very-short-lived species of halogenated hydrocarbons, in terms of their potential contribution to the halogen flux into the stratosphere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also likely to be the case that RETRO-TOM is much better suited as an alternative to Lagrangian backtracking (e.g. Haines and Esler, 2014), because ATOMCAT requires output from a forward calculation at every time step, making it difficult to use in problems that are formulated without reference to a forward calculation. Finally, RETRO-TOM has the advantage that, unlike ATOMCAT which relies on code generated by differentiation of TOMCAT's forward code, RETRO-TOM utilizes the machinery of TOMCAT itself (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…due to photolysis or reaction with a reservoir species, and C is a linear operator modelling the non-local transport associated with unresolved convection (see Haines and Esler, 2014, for an exact definition of C). The Eulerian backtracking formulation follows from using the density-weighted inner product to define the adjoint operator L † of L. Specifically, if…”

Section: Mathematical Formulation Of Eulerian Backtrackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technical Note: Adjoint formulation of the TOMCAT atmospheric transport scheme in the Eulerian backtracking framework (RETRO-TOM)

2014

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Abstract.A new methodology for the formulation of an adjoint to the transport component of the chemistry transport model TOMCAT is described and implemented in a new model, RETRO-TOM. The Eulerian backtracking method is used, allowing the forward advection scheme (Prather's second-order moments) to be efficiently exploited in the backward adjoint calculations. Prather's scheme is shown to be time symmetric, suggesting the possibility of high accuracy. To attain this accuracy, however, it is necessary to make a careful treatment of the "density inconsistency" problem inherent to offline transport models. The results are verified using a series of test experiments. These demonstrate the high accuracy of RETRO-TOM when compared with direct forward sensitivity calculations, at least for problems in which flux limiters in the advection scheme are not required. RETRO-TOM therefore combines the flexibility and stability of a "finite difference of adjoint" formulation with the accuracy of an "adjoint of finite difference" formulation.

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“…It is predominantly caused by the release of reactive chlorine and bromine species from halogenated organic compounds. Although the basic science is well established, there remains significant uncertainty sur-rounding the long-term recovery of the ozone layer (Hegglin et al, 2015). One important issue is the recent, unexplained increase in the global tropospheric abundance of dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), which has increased by ∼ 60 % over the past decade (Leedham-Elvidge et al, 2015;Hossaini et al, 2015a;Carpenter et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A growing threat to the ozone layer from short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons

Oram¹,

Ashfold²,

Laube³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Large and effective reductions in emissions of long-lived ozone-depleting substance (ODS) are being achieved through the Montreal Protocol, the effectiveness of which can be seen in the declining atmospheric abundances of many ODS. An important remaining uncertainty concerns the role of very short lived substances (VSLS) which, owing to their relatively short atmospheric lifetimes (less than 6 months), are not regulated under the Montreal Protocol. Recent studies have found an unexplained increase in the global tropospheric abundance of one VSLS, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), which has increased by around 60&#8201;% over the past decade. Here we report dramatic enhancements of several chlorine-containing VSLS, including CH2Cl2 and CH2ClCH2Cl (1,2-dichloroethane), observed in surface and upper tropospheric air in East and South East Asia. Surface observations were an order of magnitude higher than previously reported in the marine boundary layer, whilst upper tropospheric data were up to 3 times higher than expected. In addition we provide further evidence of an atmospheric transport mechanism whereby substantial amounts of industrial pollution from East Asia, including these chlorinated VSLS, can rapidly, and regularly, be transported to tropical regions of the western Pacific and subsequently uplifted to the tropical upper troposphere. This latter region is a major provider for air entering the stratosphere and so this mechanism, in conjunction with increasing emissions of Cl-VSLS from East Asia, could potentially slow the expected recovery of stratospheric ozone.

show abstract

Determination of the source regions for surface to stratosphere transport: An Eulerian backtracking approach

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

A growing threat to the ozone layer from short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons

A growing threat to the ozone layer from short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons

Technical Note: Adjoint formulation of the TOMCAT atmospheric transport scheme in the Eulerian backtracking framework (RETRO-TOM)

A growing threat to the ozone layer from short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons

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