Determination of the Sampler Type and Rainfall Effect on the Deposition Fluxes of the Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Abstract

Atmospheric concentration and deposition samples were collected between June 2008 and June 2009 in an urban sampling site Yavuzselim, Turkey. Eighty-three polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were targeted in the collected samples. It was found that 90% of the total PCB concentration was in the gas phase. Deposition samples were collected by a wet-dry deposition sampler (WDDS) and a bulk deposition sampler (BDS). Average total deposition fluxes measured with the BDS in dry periods was 5500 ± 2400 pg/(m2day); average dry deposition fluxes measured by the WDDS in the same period were 6400 ± 3300 pg/(m2day). The results indicated that the sampler type affected the measured flux values. Bulk deposition samples were also collected in rainy periods by using the BDS and the average flux value was 8700 ± 3100 pg/(m2day). The measured flux values were lower than the values reported for the urban and industrial areas. Dry deposition velocities for the WDDS and BDS samples were calculated 0.48 ± 0.35 cm/s and 0.13 ± 0.15 cm/s, respectively.

The first countrywide monitoring of selected POPs: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the atmosphere of Turkey

“…Development of passive air samplers (PAS) met these requirements, and they have been widely used for measurement of relatively long term average gas phase concentrations of POPs. Besides studies to determine ambient air POPs levels using active air samplers in Turkey (Birgul and Tasdemir, 2012;Cindoruk and Tasdemir, 2014;Kuzu et al, 2014;Odabasi and Cetin, 2012;Yolsal et al, 2014;Ugranli et al, 2016) there are limited studies conducted in Turkey using polyurethane foam passive samplers (PUF-PAS) (Kaya et al, 2012;Aydin et al, 2014;Odabasi et al, 2015;Odabasi et al, 2016;Kurt-Karakus et al, 2017;Cetin et al, 2017). However, these studies were conducted in particular regions of the country and there are no studies to investigate the levels of PCBs, PBDEs and OCPs concurrently on a countrywide scale.…”

Polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive samplers derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations in the ambient air of Bursa-Turkey: Spatial and temporal variations and health risk assessment

“…3) also supports this hypothesis. Birgul and Tasdemir (2012) conducted a study to determine the effect of different factors on the deposition fluxes of the polychlorinated biphenyls measured at an urban site namely Yavuzselim which is located in Yıldırım district of Bursa. They reported that 5-Cl, 6-Cl, and 8-Cl PCBs had higher deposition velocity in rainy periods while 7-Cl and 8-Cl PCBs were more dominant in dry periods.…”

Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in Ambient Air in Turkey: Regional Sources and Controlling Factors

“…Therefore, determination of POPs in the environmental media in Turkey has received increased attention, resulting in many studies reporting ambient air concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and PBDEs, some of which are cited here [13][14][15][16][17][18] . The detected air concentrations were the results of contamination from past use, formation as a by-product, and LRT from the countries where these compounds were produced and heavily used 14,19 .…”

“…Turkey was not a manufacturer of POPs including PCBs, PBDEs, or most of the OCPs, but it became a party to the Stockholm Convention as of 2010, resulting in the responsibility for prohibition/elimination/restriction of use of certain POPs, environmentally sound management of stockpiles/wastes, monitoring of POPs levels and preparation, and revision of a national implementation plan. Therefore, determination of POPs in the environmental media in Turkey has received increased attention, resulting in many studies reporting ambient air concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and PBDEs, some of which are cited here. − The detected air concentrations were the results of contamination from past use, formation as a byproduct, and LRT from the countries where these compounds were produced and heavily used. , …”

“…13−18 The detected air concentrations were the results of contamination from past use, formation as a byproduct, and LRT from the countries where these compounds were produced and heavily used. 14,19 Turkey receives air masses from Europe, Russia, the Middle East, and Africa, so the goal of this study was to assess the levels of POPs and source regions for two major urban centers with different characteristics. For this purpose, OCP, PCB, and PBDE concentrations were measured for a year, and a Lagrangian particle dispersion-model, FLEXPART, was used to investigate LRT of the target chemicals.…”