Determination of the Optimum Conditions for Emulsification and Encapsulation of Echium Oil by Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Echium oil (EO) contains substantial amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, which are important because of their benefits to human health. However, they are prone to oxidation. The aim of this study was to obtain the optimum conditions of microencapsulation of EO using spray drying by applying the response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite circumscribed design (CCC) was employed with a ratio of maltodextrin (MD):EmCap modified starch (MS) (80−90%, w/ w), oil concentration (15−25%, w/w), and homogenization speed (5− 15 × 10 3 rpm) as independent variables affecting droplet size (μm) and viscosity (Pa•s), which were chosen as responses for the emulsification process. The results revealed that the emulsion conditions containing MD:MS (89.7%:10.3%, w/w), oil concentration of (16.0%), and homogenization speed at (14.8 × 10 3 rpm) were found to be the optimum conditions. Furthermore, for encapsulation, CCC was employed with inlet temperature of 140−180 °C, air flow of 20− 30%, and pump rates of 15−25% as independent variables. Total yield (%) and encapsulation efficiency (%) were chosen as responses for the encapsulation process. On the other hand, optimum conditions for encapsulation were as follows: inlet temperature of 140 °C, airflow rate of (30%) 0.439 m 3 /h, pump rate of (15%) 4.5 mL/min with respect to selected responses.

A Comparative Study of Encapsulation of β-Carotene via Spray-Drying and Freeze-Drying Techniques Using Pullulan and Whey Protein Isolate as Wall Material

“…Figure 2a illustrates the EE as a function of emulsion flow rate and concentration at a fixed inlet temperature of 170 • C. According to the response surface plots, it was evident that for each emulsion flow rate value, an increase in the concentration of the emulsion wall material initially resulted in an increase in EE from ~65% to ~85%, followed by a subsequent decrease to ~73%. Similar observations were documented by Zahran et al (2023), who examined the impact of process conditions on the microencapsulation of echium oil via spray drying, suggesting that the content of solids exerted a positive influence on the EE [37]. Figure 2b presents the effects of varying the emulsion concentration and inlet temperature on EE at a fixed emulsion flow rate of 500 mL/h.…”

Optimization of G1 Micromixer Structure in Two-Fluid Mixing Based on CFD and Response Surface Methodology

“…Response surface methodology (RSM) has emerged as a reliable search optimum method to suggest optimization by constructing a fitting surface from the limited data of discrete design conditions [13]. The RSM can extensively search out the optimum across the entire region of the fitting surface rather than the local optima from the discrete points of the aforementioned methods [14,15]. RSM's core principle is approximating the actual limit state function using the response surface function for subsequent analytical calculations [16], seeking an optimal combination of factor levels and solving multivariate problems [17].…”