Determination of the movement and persistence of Cry1Ab/1Ac protein released from Bt transgenic rice under field and hydroponic conditions

Effects of water management practices on residue decomposition and degradation of Cry1Ac protein from crop-wild Bt rice hybrids and parental lines during winter fallow season

“…This implied that the protein did not leach from the residues to the surrounding soil but decomposed rapidly as previously reported by Daudu et al (2009) and Prihoda and Coats (2008). Moreover, Cry protein in Bt rice rhizosphere soil was undetectable (Wang et al, 2006b), present at a low level (approximately 1.49 ng/g dried soil) or only present at a detectable level in the field soil and water for no more than two months during the growth period (Wang et al, 2013). Therefore, our results in combination with former studies suggest a limited exposure of non-target organisms to the Cry protein in the soil ecosystem.…”

Effects of Bt-transgenic rice cultivation on planktonic communities in paddy fields and adjacent ditches

“…We did not find the Cry1Ab/1Ac protein in the field water, which was probably often flushed out by fresh water that lowered the Bt concentration below our detection limit of 0.2 ng mL −1 . A previous study detected the Cry1Ab/ 1Ac protein at very low concentrations (0.008-0.031 ng mL − 1 field water) (Wang et al, 2013a). The dissimilarity in the composition of phytoplankton communities between Bt and non-Bt rice fields was largely attributable to species of Bacillariophyta (Table 4).…”

“…Phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were collected simultaneously in the 12 plots on 1 August 2013 and 3 August 2014 during the rice-rearing stage when the Bt concentrations in the water and soil were highest during the rice-growing season (Liu et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2013a). Phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were also collected from locations up-, mid-(a pond) and downstream within a natural ditch near the paddy field (Fig.…”

“…Unlike dry-land crops (e.g. cotton and maize), rice requires irrigation through some of its growth stages; consequently, Bt toxins from Bttransgenic rice can directly enter aquatic ecosystems created during rice cultivation (Liu et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2013a). Furthermore, plant residues are left in rice fields after harvesting or are transferred to aquatic ecosystems, such as adjacent ditches and rivers (Liu et al, 2016;Rosi-Marshall et al, 2007;Swan et al, 2009;Viktorov, 2011;Wu et al, 2009).…”

Effects of long-term cultivation of transgenic Bt rice (Kefeng-6) on soil microbial functioning and C cycling

“…Higher levels of Bt protein concentration, 0.82–2.13 ng g −1 dry soil in rhizosphere soils, were reported under cultivation of Bt - Minghui 63 and Bt - Shanyou 63 36 . In this study, no Bt protein was detected from the soil under Bt rice.…”