Determination of the Information Depth and Sample Size for the Analysis of Pharmaceutical Materials Using Reflectance Near-Infrared Microscopy

Clarke, Fiona; Hammond, Stephen V.; Jee, Roger D.; Moffat, A.C.

doi:10.1366/00037020260377797

Cited by 74 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The penetration depth of NIR radiation decreases as wavelength increases. Based on tests with and without the backing sheet and estimates of the information depth (Clarke et al 2002), at the higher wavelength range the thickness of the specimens is great enough that they can be treated as infinitely thick for diffuse reflection measurements. Below about 1,500 nm this approximation begins to break down for a large fraction of the historical specimens, and the NIR radiation likely reaches the backing layer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Destructive Analysis of 14th–19th Century European Handmade Papers

Barrett

Ormsby

Lang

2016

Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material

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Non-destructive analysis of 1,578 paper specimens made between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries was undertaken in an effort to better understand changes in paper composition over time and how these variations might affect paper stability during long term natural ageing. Gelatine content and colour were determined using UV/Vis/NIR spectrometry. Residual metals were measured using XRF. These components included potassium and sulfur as elements indicative of alum concentration; iron as a typical paper contaminant; and calcium, which is often associated with compounds such as calcium carbonate that can serve as alkaline reserves. The research demonstrated that papers that are lighter in colour (closer to white) are associated with higher levels of gelatine and calcium, and lower levels of iron. The survey also showed significant decreases in gelatine and calcium concentration over time with the largest differences coinciding with the rise of printing around 1500. The drop in pH over the centuries observed by other researchers is explained by the decreases in these two components rather than by a rise in alum concentration, which remained fairly stable. The craftsmanship of the specimens was evaluated using materials and workmanship ratings which showed better quality paper associated with higher gelatine and calcium concentrations and colour closer to white. Poorer quality papers were associated with higher iron levels and greater thickness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Destructive Analysis of 14th–19th Century European Handmade Papers

Barrett

Ormsby

Lang

2016

Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material

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“…18) Hence, under the measuring conditions of this study, the information in one pixel is extracted from an approximate volume of 25×25×50 µm. The raw materials in the tablet used in this study were assumed to have smaller particle sizes than a pixel.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Distribution of Ingredients in Commercially Available Clarithromycin Tablets Using Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging with Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares

Koide¹,

Yamamoto

Fukami

et al. 2015

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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The aim of this study was to evaluate pharmaceuticals using a near-infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) technique for visualizing the distribution of ingredients in solid dosage forms of commercially available clarithromycin tablets. The cross section of a tablet was measured using the NIR-CI system for evaluating the distribution of ingredients in the tablet. The chemical images were generated by performing multivariate analysis methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) with normalized nearinfrared (NIR) spectral data. We gained spectral and distributional information related to clarithromycin, cornstarch, and magnesium stearate by using PCA analysis. On the basis of this information, the distribution images of these ingredients were generated using PLS analysis. The results of PCA analysis enabled us to analyze individual components by using PLS even if sufficient information on the products was not available. However, some ingredients such as binder could not be detected using NIR-CI, because their particle sizes were smaller than the pixel size (approximately 25 25 50 µm) and they were present in low concentrations. The combined analysis using both PCA and PLS with NIR-CI was useful to analyze the distribution of ingredients in a commercially available pharmaceutical even when sufficient information on the product is not available.

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“…30 Well established reflective spectroscopic techniques such as NIR and Raman are also hindered by the penetration depth at the solid dosage form surface. [36][37][38] Whereas LIBS has the distinct ability to selectively obtain information at the tablet surface and throughout the entire tablet without spectral diffusion that is usual with NIR and Raman transmission techniques.…”

Section: -14mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative molecular analysis with molecular bands emission using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and chemometrics

Doucet¹,

Faustino²,

Sabsabi³

et al. 2008

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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The present work describes the first quantitative molecular prediction using laser-induced molecular bands along with chemometrics. In addition, this spectroscopic procedure has demonstrated the first complete quantitative analysis utilizing traditionally insensitive elements for pharmaceutical formulations. Atomic LIBS requires certain sensitive elements, such as Cl, F, Br, S and P, in order to quantitate a specific organic compound in a complex matrix. Molecular LIBS has been demonstrated to be the first successful approach using atomic spectroscopy to evaluate a complex organic matrix. This procedure is also the first quantitative analysis using laser-induced molecular bands and chemometrics. We have successfully applied chemometrics to predict the formulation excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a complex pharmaceutical formulation. Using such an approach, we demonstrate that the accuracy for the API and a formulation lubricant, magnesium stearate, have less than 4% relative bias. The other formulation excipients such as Avicel Ò and lactose have been accurately predicted to have less than a 15% relative bias. Molecular LIBS and chemometrics have provided a novel approach for the quantitative analysis of several molecules that was not technically possible with the traditional atomic LIBS procedure, that required sensitive elements to be present in both API and formulation excipients.

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Determination of the Information Depth and Sample Size for the Analysis of Pharmaceutical Materials Using Reflectance Near-Infrared Microscopy

Cited by 74 publications

References 9 publications

Non-Destructive Analysis of 14th–19th Century European Handmade Papers

Non-Destructive Analysis of 14th–19th Century European Handmade Papers

Analysis of Distribution of Ingredients in Commercially Available Clarithromycin Tablets Using Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging with Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares

Quantitative molecular analysis with molecular bands emission using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and chemometrics

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