Determination of the fate of pesticides in outdoor lysimeter experiments

Kördel, Werner; Herrchen, Monika; Klein, Michael; Traub-Eberhard, Ute; Klöppel, H.; Klein, W.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(92)90165-o

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Transport in the adsorbed phase would, of course, explain the underestimation for compounds with low GUS indices. This is in line with observations by Kördel et al [97], who could explain the transport of pendimethalin through macropores only by considering transport of this strongly sorbing substance via dissolved OC or suspended soil particles.…”

Section: Comparison Of Model-predicted Losses With Experimental Datasupporting

confidence: 79%

“…First results using this approach show that the experimental datasets available are usually not sufficiently detailed to objectively perform such a sophisticated approach. This may be the reason why, in model validation studies that followed the protocol, the results were more dependent on the modeling expert performing the simulations than the model he was using [96,97].…”

Section: Performance Of Preferential Flow Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the measured values for total hydraulic conductivity including macropores in undisturbed soils surpass those for matrix flow by 20 to 50 times. The flow velocity also depends on the amount of water supply by heavy rainfall and on the number and diameter of the active macropores, and may reach, for example, 70 cm d -1 [12], 100 cm d -1 [13], 240 cm d -1 [14], and 100-220 cm d -1 [15]. Such high flow rates occur only in open-ended macropores.…”

Section: Soil Hydraulic Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differing situations in open-and dead-ended macropores were simulated in an experiment specifically designed by Kördel et al [97]. Large outdoor lysimeters of 1.2 m depth and a surface area of 1 m 2 , which contained macropores, were partly equipped with suction plates at the bottom and were partly free-flowing.…”

Section: W Kördel Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transport of pesticides via macropores (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kördel

Egli

Klein

2008

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgment Transport of pesticides via macropores (IUPAC Technical Report)Abstract: This report provides an overview of the transport of solutes via macropores focusing on the practical relevance of the phenomenon. After a description of matrix flow and preferential flow in soil, information related to macropores, including their formation and measurement techniques, is briefly presented. Then, the influence of experimental conditions and of environmental and agricultural factors and pesticide properties is discussed, based on a statistical evaluation of all published studies offering sufficient quantitative information. Most of the analyzed parameters do not significantly influence the experimental pesticide losses. The groundwater ubiquity score (GUS) index turned out to be the most important compound property to describe substance losses through macropore flow.In a third section, tools for modeling pesticide transport through macropores are presented and critically evaluated. Results of the computer model MACRO, which is also used in the EU pesticide registration process, are compared with experimental losses. For five out of seven investigated pesticides (A-D, F), the simulated losses are in agreement with the experimental data. However, for two compounds with very low K OC values, MACRO overestimated the losses.Finally, the significance of pesticide transport via macropores for contamination of ground and surface water is assessed. Losses caused by macropore transport may considerably exceed losses caused by matrix transport at a specific site. Therefore, a site-specific assessment of pesticide leaching is needed.

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Section: Comparison Of Model-predicted Losses With Experimental Datasupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Performance Of Preferential Flow Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soil Hydraulic Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: W Kördel Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transport of pesticides via macropores (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kördel

Egli

Klein

2008

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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“…Pesticide leaching depends in parts on the chemical and physical properties of the pesticide (Kordel and Kleim, 1992). A pesticide strongly adsorbed to the soil particles is less likely to be leached.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent leaching of copper from copper based fungicide through a saturated soil profile

Osunbitan¹,

Adekalu²,

Aina³

2014

J. Soil Sci. Environ. Manage.

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Copper is a micronutrient required for plant growth. However, it can have negative effect on plant growth if the concentration is too high. The aim of this study was to examine copper concentrations of leachate from soil columns treated with copper based fungicide. A 2 × 4 factorial arrangements consisting of two soil types (0 to 60 cm sample depth) and four rates of copper based fungicide concentrations (0, 1.88, 3.75 and 7.50 g/L ) was used with three replications. The column leaching experiment was conducted by saturating the soil profile with water at 5 mm/h rate of water flow for 1 day. After saturation, the fungicides was applied and the soil columns kept completely saturated with water by maintaining ponding by continuously applying de-ionized water at a rate of 10 mm/h throughout the experimental period. The process was repeated three more times. Leachate samples were collected every 6 h for 7 days and analyzed for copper using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results indicated that drainage time, soil type and fungicide concentrations significantly (p < 0.01) effected copper concentration in the leachate. Highest metal concentration in the leachate was obtained between 2.5 to 3.25 days. On the average, the concentration of copper in the leachate during the first fungicide application and leaching was 1.94 mg/L. This concentration reduced to about 1.12 mg/Lduring the second application. It was also observed during the experiment that the flow rate of water decreases during the leaching of the second fungicide application. The concentration then increases to 1.85 and 2.83 mg/L for the third and fourth applications, respectively. Repeated application of the metal through the fungicide leads to the accumulation of the metal in the soil.

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