Determination of the elementary charge and the quantum metrological triangle experiment

Feltin, Nicolas; Piquemal, F.

doi:10.1140/epjst/e2009-01054-2

Cited by 34 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…The QMT experiment and its impact has been discussed, e.g., by Piquemal and Geneves (2000), Zimmerman and Keller (2003), Piquemal (2004), Gallop (2005), Keller (2008), Keller et al (2008), Feltin and Piquemal (2009), and . In this review, we use the terms QMT setup, experiment, or measurement for any experimental setups that pursue a metrological comparison between JVS, QHR, and a quantum current source.…”

Section: Quantum Metrology Trianglementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The single-electron ampere is based on transporting an electron with charge e, or rather a known number N of electrons Ne in each operation of a control parameter that is cyclically repeated at frequency f, so that the output dc current is ideally equal to Nef. The needs of precision metrology generally state that this operation has to be performed at a relative error level not larger than 10 À8 and at the same time the current level needs to be several hundreds of picoamperes (Feltin and Piquemal, 2009). Just a few years after the initial theoretical proposal of controlled single-electron tunneling (Averin and Likharev, 1986), the first metallic Pothier et al, 1992) and semiconducting (Kouwenhoven et al, 1991a) single-electron turnstiles and pumps demonstrated currents I ¼ Nef with an error of a few percent, still orders of magnitude away from what is needed.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Single-electron current sources: Toward a refined definition of the ampere

et al. 2013

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The control of electrons at the level of the elementary charge e was demonstrated experimentally already in the 1980s. Ever since, the production of an electrical current ef, or its integer multiple, at a drive frequency f has been a focus of research for metrological purposes. This review discusses the generic physical phenomena and technical constraints that influence single-electron charge transport and presents a broad variety of proposed realizations. Some of them have already proven experimentally to nearly fulfill the demanding needs, in terms of transfer errors and transfer rate, of quantum metrology of electrical quantities, whereas some others are currently ''just'' wild ideas, still often potentially competitive if technical constraints can be lifted. The important issues of readout of singleelectron events and potential error correction schemes based on them are also discussed. Finally, an account is given of the status of single-electron current sources in the bigger framework of electric quantum standards and of the future international SI system of units, and applications and uses of single-electron devices outside the metrological context are briefly discussed.

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Section: Quantum Metrology Trianglementioning

confidence: 99%

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Single-electron current sources: Toward a refined definition of the ampere

et al. 2013

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“…Atteindre cette incertitude est nécessaire pour définir les unités électriques à partir de h et e. Cependant, des étapes intermédiaires telles que 10 −6 et 10 −7 peuvent s'avérer déterminantes pour, d'une part, fournir un test de quantification des futurs dispositifs mono-électroniques et d'autre part apporter des informations déjà pertinentes sur l'exactitude des relations (3) et (6) [13,37]. La première étape à 10 −6 a déjà été ré-cemment franchie au NIST en adoptant une autre mé-thode pour fermer le triangle [38].…”

Section: Les Enjeux De L'expérience Du Triangle Métrologique Quantiqueunclassified

TRIMET : fermeture du triangle métrologique quantique à un niveau d'incertitude relative de 10–6

Feltin¹,

Steck²,

Devoille³

et al. 2011

R. franç. métrol.

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RésuméNous présentons les principaux résultats obtenus dans le cadre du projet ANR-TRIMET dont l'objectif était la fermeture du triangle mé-trologique quantique (TMQ) à un niveau d'incertitude relative de 10 −6 . L'expérience du TMQ consiste à réaliser une loi d'Ohm en utilisant les trois effets quantiques impliqués en métrologie électrique : l'effet Josephson (EJ), l'effet Hall quantique (EHQ) et l'effet tunnel à un élec-tron (SET). Le but est de vérifier la cohérence des constantes phéno-ménologiques K J , R K , Q X , associées respectivement à ces trois effets et théoriquement exprimées en fonctions des deux constantes fondamentales, h et e (constante de Planck et charge élémentaire). Cette expé-rience est une contribution importante à une redéfinition du Système international d'unités (SI). Nous montrons aussi que la fermeture du TMQ permettra la mise en oeuvre d'une nouvelle détermination de la charge élémentaire, e.

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“…The consistency would remove any remaining doubts about the quantum standards and justify a redefinition of the International System of Units [3].…”

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confidence: 97%

“…However, the operation frequency was limited to the megahertz range because of adiabaticity requirements for the high number of islands. These low current signals, of the order of 1 pA, are sensitive to thermal fluctuations and hence are not satisfactory for the planned quantum metrological triangle experiments [3]. Other single-electron pumping experiments have been carried out in different systems such as hybrid normal-metal-superconductor turnstiles [5], GaAs/AlGaAs nanowire quantum dots [6], InAs nanowire double quantum dots [7], metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) in Si nanowires [8], and GaAs quantum dots [9].…”

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confidence: 98%

Single-electron shuttle based on a silicon quantum dot

Chan

Möttönen

Kemppinen

et al. 2011

Applied Physics Letters

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We report on single-electron shuttling experiments with a silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor quantum dot at 300 mK. Our system consists of an accumulated electron layer at the Si/SiO2 interface below an aluminum top gate with two additional barrier gates used to deplete the electron gas locally and to define a quantum dot. Directional single-electron shuttling from the source to the drain lead is achieved by applying a dc source-drain bias while driving the barrier gates with an ac voltage of frequency fp. Current plateaus at integer levels of efp are observed up to fp = 240 MHz operation frequencies. The observed results are explained by a sequential tunneling model which suggests that the electron gas may be heated substantially by the ac driving voltage.Keywords: quantum dot, silicon, single-electron, charge pumping While the Josephson voltage and the quantum-Hall resistance standards [1,2] are routinely used in metrology institutes worldwide, the current standard is missing from the so-called quantum metrological triangle which would provide a consistency check for these three quantities. The consistency would remove any remaining doubts about the quantum standards and justify a redefinition of the International System of Units [3].A metallic electron pump with a relative uncertainty of a few parts in 10 8 in its current has been achieved by utilizing seven tunnel junctions in series, forming six gated islands [4]. However, the operation frequency was limited to the megahertz range because of adiabaticity requirements for the high number of islands. These low current signals, of the order of 1 pA, are sensitive to thermal fluctuations and hence are not satisfactory for the planned quantum metrological triangle experiments [3]. Other single-electron pumping experiments have been carried out in different systems such as hybrid normal-metal-superconductor turnstiles [5], GaAs/AlGaAs nanowire quantum dots [6], InAs nanowire double quantum dots [7], metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) in Si nanowires [8], and GaAs quantum dots [9].In this paper, we employ a silicon quantum dot [10] shown in Fig. 1(a,b) as a test-bed for the current source. The device was fabricated on a high-resistivity (ρ > 10 kΩ cm at 300 K) silicon substrate. An industry-compatible MOSFET fabrication process is adapted to realize our quantum dot system [11]. The source and drain were thermally diffused with phosphorus and a high-quality gate oxide was grown thermally yielding a low Si/SiO 2 interface trap density of * Electronic

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Determination of the elementary charge and the quantum metrological triangle experiment

Cited by 34 publications

References 99 publications

Single-electron current sources: Toward a refined definition of the ampere

Single-electron current sources: Toward a refined definition of the ampere

TRIMET : fermeture du triangle métrologique quantique à un niveau d'incertitude relative de 10–6

Single-electron shuttle based on a silicon quantum dot

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