Determination of the carbonyl index of polyethylene and polypropylene using specified area under band methodology with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy

Almond, Jasmine; Sugumaar, Piriya; Wenzel, Margot N.; Hill, Gavin; Wallis, Christopher J.

doi:10.1515/epoly-2020-0041

Cited by 290 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In cases of PP with surfaces modified by the highest radiation dosage and plasma output, characteristic absorption bands in the range of 1850 cm −1 –1600 cm −1 were found. This observation indicated/confirmed expected formation of carbonyl functional groups in PP polymer chains [ 47 ]. In addition, changes in spectra in the range from 3600 to 3100 cm −1 suggest the formation of hydroxyl functional groups in case of treated samples, i.e., (b) and (c) [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Influence of the β− Radiation/Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Surface Modification on the Adhesive Bonding of Polyolefins

et al. 2020

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The goal of this research was to examine the effect of two surface modification methods, i.e., radiation cross-linking and plasma treatment, on the adhesive properties and the final quality of adhesive bonds of polypropylene (PP), which was chosen as the representative of the polyolefin group. Polymer cross-linking was induced by beta (accelerated electrons—β−) radiation in the following dosages: 33, 66, and 99 kGy. In order to determine the usability of β− radiation for these applications (improving the adhesive properties and adhesiveness of surface layers), the obtained results were compared with values measured on surfaces treated by cold atmospheric-pressure plasma with outputs 2.4, 4, and 8 W. The effects of both methods were compared by several parameters, namely wetting contact angles, free surface energy, and overall strength of adhesive bonds. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted. According to our findings the following conclusion was reached; both tested surface modification methods significantly altered the properties of the specimen’s surface layer, which led to improved wetting, free surface energy, and bond adhesion. Following the β− radiation, the free surface energy of PP rose by 80%, while the strength of the bond grew in some cases by 290% in comparison with the non-treated surface. These results show that when compared with cold plasma treatment the beta radiation appears to be an effective tool capable of improving the adhesive properties and adhesiveness of PP surface layers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Influence of the β− Radiation/Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Surface Modification on the Adhesive Bonding of Polyolefins

et al. 2020

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“…The key to correlating the performance of a polyolefin material relative to environmental stress is the identification of the point of failure relative to the material’s application. In the case of polyolefins designed to biodegrade in the open environment, the publication of PAS 9017:2020 [ 12 ] has determined the point of failure of the polyolefin to be a significant loss in the molecular weight of the polymer, as determined by high temperature gel permeation chromatography, in addition to a significant increase in the Carbonyl Index as measured and calculated from infrared spectroscopy using the Specific Area Under Band (SAUB) technique [ 15 ]. The aim of this work was to use these analytical methodologies to demonstrate the point of failure through the loss in the chemical properties of the polyethylene matrix over time, under both types of environmental exposure—accelerated and outdoor, thus demonstrating the utility of this weathering technique as a temperate UV-accelerated laboratory method to simulate environmental instability of polyethylene materials over a relatively short timeframe.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Carbonyl Index (CI) was also measured at the same sampling intervals and calculated using the SAUB methodology [ 15 ]. As a first point of comparison, the CI data for the PE film in Florida was overlaid with the percentage (%) loss in its original M z value ( Figure 1 .)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples prepared by the QUV cycle are suffixed with _QUV Infra Red analysis was carried out on either a Nicolet iS10 or a Nicolet iS5 equipped iD7 Diamond ATR (Thermofisher Scientific, Waltham MA, USA) between 4000 and 600 cm −1 at a resolution of 4 cm −1 . The carbonyl index was calculated using the SAUB method [15] where CI = Area (1850-1650)/Area (1500-1420). This method was recommended as it accounted for the full range of carbonyl species generated during the weathering.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlation of a Temperate UV-Weathering Cycle to Outdoor Exposure for the Determination of the Environmental Instability of Polyethylene Films Using HT-GPC Analysis

Hill¹,

Moreira²,

Huynh³

et al. 2021

Polymers

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Accelerated UV‑weathering cycles are predominately used for evaluating the durability of plastic materials, particularly polyethylene (PE) films. The point of failure for this testing is usually the loss of a physical property, such as the loss of tensile strength over time. For plastics designed to be instable under environmental conditions, the accelerated weathering cycles are yet to be defined and their correlation to outdoor exposure has yet to be made. This study demonstrates the utility of a newly defined temperate accelerated UV‑weathering cycle, recently codified in the British Standard PAS 9017:2020. In addition, the effectiveness of the laboratory weathering cycle has been correlated to real‑world outdoor exposure through simultaneous testing of the same samples at a specialist outdoor exposure site in Florida. The utility of the testing methodology and the performance of the polyethylene samples was demonstrated through the use of High Temperature Gel Permeation Chromatography (HT‑GPC) analysis. The data led to a detailed insight into the physico‑chemical changes occurring in the PE films upon exposure to environmental stimuli. By comparison, and surprisingly, the techniques employed appear to provide an insight into the processes in which secondary micro‑particles of PE are formed from macro‑polyethylene samples. The temperate accelerated UV‑weathering cycle over 14 days demonstrated an approximate correlation to 90 days of outdoor exposure in Florida for the PE film studied.

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“…The films were exposed to light with a wavelength of 313 cm −1 at 25 • C for up to 300 h. After each 50-h period of irradiation, we recorded the FTIR spectra for the irradiated films. The growth in intensity of C=C (alkenes; 1604 cm −1 ), C=O (ketones; 1772 cm −1 ), and OH (alcohols; 3500 cm −1 ) peaks were monitored and compared with a reference peak (CH 2 ; 1328 cm −1 ) [45][46][47]. Figure 1 displays the FTIR spectra of pure PVC film before and after irradiation for 300 hours.…”

Section: Pvc Photodegradation Using Ftir Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Carvedilol–Organotin Complexes and Their Effects on Reducing Photodegradation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

et al. 2021

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Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) undergoes photodegradation induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; therefore, for outdoor applications, its photostability should be enhanced through the use of additives. Several carvedilol tin complexes were synthesized, characterized and mixed with PVC to produce thin films. These films were irradiated at 25 °C with a UV light (λ = 313 nm) for up to 300 h. The reduction in weight and changes in chemical structure and surface morphology of the PVC films were monitored. The films containing synthesized complexes showed less undesirable changes than the pure PVC film. Organotin with a high content of aromatics was particularly efficient in inhibiting photodegradation of PVC. The carvedilol tin complexes both absorbed UV light and scavenged radicals, hydrochloride, and peroxides and, therefore, photostabilized PVC.

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Determination of the carbonyl index of polyethylene and polypropylene using specified area under band methodology with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy

Cited by 290 publications

References 22 publications

Influence of the β− Radiation/Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Surface Modification on the Adhesive Bonding of Polyolefins

Influence of the β− Radiation/Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Surface Modification on the Adhesive Bonding of Polyolefins

Correlation of a Temperate UV-Weathering Cycle to Outdoor Exposure for the Determination of the Environmental Instability of Polyethylene Films Using HT-GPC Analysis

Synthesis of Carvedilol–Organotin Complexes and Their Effects on Reducing Photodegradation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

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