Determination of t-PA activity and t-PA antigen in human milk

Ishii, Akiharu; Yamada, Seiichi; Yamada, Ritsuko; Hamada, Hiroshi

doi:10.1515/jpme.1992.20.3.203

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Forty four randomised trials (7278 women) reported the effects of dietary and lifestyle interventions in pregnancy. The interventions in the trials were broadly classified into three groups: those mainly based on diet (13 randomised trials)24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 or physical activity (18 randomised trials)37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 and a mixed approach with diet and physical activity components that might or might not be underpinned by behavioural counselling (13 randomised trials) 756 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The included trials studied the effect of interventions on women with any BMI,7 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 37 38 39 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 52 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 mostly obese and overweight women,31 33 53 or only obese women24 29 34 35 36 51 59 67 (clinical characteristics of all identified studies are in appendix 3 on bmj.com). Five randomised trials included pregnant women with a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus28 31 34 57 58 and one included women with pre-existing diabetes 32.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quality of the studies varied (fig 2). One study was available only as an abstract, and data were not included in the meta-analysis 24…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thirty six randomised trials (n=6543 women) studied the effect of interventions on obstetric maternal outcomes 2426 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 42 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Fig 5 shows the summary of the effect of weight management interventions on pregnancy outcomes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence

Thangaratinam

Rogozińska

Jolly

et al. 2012

BMJ

699

723

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Objective To evaluate the effects of dietary and lifestyle interventions in pregnancy on maternal and fetal weight and to quantify the effects of these interventions on obstetric outcomes.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Major databases from inception to January 2012 without language restrictions.Study selection Randomised controlled trials that evaluated any dietary or lifestyle interventions with potential to influence maternal weight during pregnancy and outcomes of pregnancy. Data synthesisResults summarised as relative risks for dichotomous data and mean differences for continuous data. ResultsWe identified 44 relevant randomised controlled trials (7278 women) evaluating three categories of interventions: diet, physical activity, and a mixed approach. Overall, there was 1.42 kg reduction (95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.89 kg) in gestational weight gain with any intervention compared with control. With all interventions combined, there were no significant differences in birth weight (mean difference −50 g, −100 to 0 g) and the incidence of large for gestational age (relative risk 0.85, 0.66 to 1.09) or small for gestational age (1.00, 0.78 to 1.28) babies between the groups, though by itself physical activity was associated with reduced birth weight (mean difference −60 g, −120 to −10 g). Interventions were associated with a reduced the risk of pre-eclampsia (0.74, 0.60 to 0.92) and shoulder dystocia (0.39, 0.22 to 0.70), with no significant effect on other critically important outcomes. Dietary intervention resulted in the largest reduction in maternal gestational weight gain (3.84 kg, 2.45 to 5.22 kg), with improved pregnancy outcomes compared with other interventions. The overall evidence rating was low to very low for important outcomes such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and preterm delivery.Conclusions Dietary and lifestyle interventions in pregnancy can reduce maternal gestational weight gain and improve outcomes for both mother and baby. Among the interventions, those based on diet are the most effective and are associated with reductions in maternal gestational weight gain and improved obstetric outcomes. IntroductionObesity is a growing threat to women of childbearing age. Half the population is either overweight (body mass index (BMI) 25.0-29.9) or obese (BMI ≥30).1 In Europe and the United States, 20-40% of women gain more than the recommended weight during pregnancy.2 Increased maternal weight or excessive weight gain in pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.3 Half the women who die during pregnancy, childbirth, or puerperium in the United Kingdom are either obese or overweight. 4 For the offspring, maternal obesity is a major risk factor for childhood obesity, which persists into adulthood independent of other factors. 5 Obesity costs the UK National Health Service (NHS) around £0.5bn a year and the UK economy a further £2.3bn in indirect costs. 6 The antenatal period, with opportunities for regular con...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quality of the studies varied (fig 2). One study was available only as an abstract, and data were not included in the meta-analysis 24…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence

Thangaratinam

Rogozińska

Jolly

et al. 2012

BMJ

699

723

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“…Of the original 44 papers included within the Thangaratinam et al review [ 3 ], one study only consisted of a conference abstract [ 26 ]. Full-text versions of all of the other articles were obtained.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of Behaviour Change Techniques Used in a Sample of Gestational Weight Management Trials

Soltani

Arden

Duxbury

et al. 2016

Journal of Pregnancy

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Introduction. Maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain are associated with multiple adverse outcomes. There is a lack of clarity on the specific components of effective interventions to support pregnant women with gestational weight management. Method. All 44 studies within a preexisting review of lifestyle interventions, with a potential to impact on maternal weight outcomes, were considered for content analysis. Interventions were classified using Behaviour Change Technique (BCT) taxonomy clusters to explore which categories of BCT were used in interventions and their effectiveness in managing gestational weight gain. Results. The most commonly used BCTs were within the categories of “feedback and monitoring,” “shaping knowledge,” “goals and planning,” “repetition and substitution,” “antecedents,” and “comparison of behaviours.” For diet and mixed interventions “feedback and monitoring,” “shaping knowledge,” and “goals and planning” appeared the most successful BCT categories. Conclusions. Poor reporting within studies in defining the BCTs used, in clarifying the differences in processes between intervention and control groups, and in differentiating between the intervention and research processes made BCT classification difficult. Future studies should elaborate more clearly on the behaviour change techniques used and report them accurately to allow a better understanding of the effective ingredients for lifestyle interventions during pregnancy.

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Plasminogen Activation System in Human Milk

Heegaard,

Larsen,

Rasmussen

et al. 1997

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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BackgroundPlasmin is the major endogenous protease present in milk. The level of plasmin activity is controlled by the availability of the precursor plasminogen and by the levels of plasminogen activators and inhibitors. Recently, a differential distribution of tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA) and urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (u‐PA) has been demonstrated in bovine milk. To assess whether this distribution pattern is a general feature, the occurrence of components of the plasminogen activation system in different fractions of human milk was investigated.MethodsMilk samples were separated into the following fractions; milk fat, skim milk, and milk cells by centrifugation. The different fractions were detected for the presence of plasminogen and plasminogen activators by immunoblotting and zymography. The distribution of t‐PA and u‐PA was investigated by ligand binding analysis. t‐PA‐catalyzed plasminogen activation was examined by a coupled chromogenic assay.ResultsA differential distribution of plasminogen, t‐PA, and u‐PA was found. Casein micelles were found to exhibit t‐PA and plasminogen binding activity, whereas the u‐PA receptor was identified as the u‐PA binding component in the cell fraction. Furthermore, human casein enhanced t‐PA‐catalyzed plasminogen activation, comparable to the enhancing effect obtained with fibrinogen fragments.ConclusionThe finding of a differential distribution of u‐PA and t‐PA in milk suggests that the two activators may have different physiological functions, which involve protection against invading microorganisms and maintenance of patency and fluidity in the ducts of mammary gland, respectively.

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Determination of t-PA activity and t-PA antigen in human milk

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence

Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence

An Analysis of Behaviour Change Techniques Used in a Sample of Gestational Weight Management Trials

Plasminogen Activation System in Human Milk

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