Determination of Strength and Index Properties of Fine-Grained Soils Using a Soil Minipenetrometer

Stone, Kevin; Kyambadde, B.S.

doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:6(667)

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Further, higher strength (>50 kPa) and (/or) materials having greater strain-rate dependence can be tested by increasing the cone-falling distance for the same cone mass. Another option is to use pseudostatic cones that are mechanically driven into the soil test specimen (see Stone and Kyambadde (2007)) for direct undrained strength measurements.…”

Section: Fall Cone Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geotechnics of municipal sludges and residues for landfilling

O’Kelly

2016

Geotechnical Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper presents a comprehensive review of reported field and laboratory investigations and theoretical work concerning the geotechnical behaviour/properties of water treatment residue (WTR), biosolids and sewage sludge materials, which are by-products of municipal water and wastewater treatment processes. After describing the backgrounds to the generation of these materials and various disposal options (with a focus on landfilling), including associated geotechnical issues, their physical, geotechnical index, compaction, undrained strength and effective-stress strength properties are described, including the effects of oxidation, biodegradation and viscous gellike pore fluid for biosolids/sewage sludge material. Characteristic compressibility, consolidation and permeability behaviour/properties are also presented for these materials and linked with microstructure and the chemicals added during the treatment processes. The paper then focuses on various geotechnical issues pertinent to landfill (monofill) disposal of these materials, including undrained strength requirements, design strength, on-site and laboratory strength measurements and water content-strength correlations. Since such correlations are material specific, with the geotechnical properties of biosolids, sewage sludge and WTR materials varying between water/wastewater treatment plants, they cannot be applied more widely with confidence. Alternative approaches to predicting undrained strength are described, including a power-law strength relationship with water content, which can be applied more generally. , 2008a). The type and amount of chemicals added depends on the nature of the source water, but primarily on its turbidity and hardness. The coagulants cause the colloidal particles present to aggregate into flocs (with the polyelectrolyte also acting as a binding agent to increase their inherent shear strength) that are more readily separated out by settling processes, removing not only the impurities but also the chemical additives. NotationThe residue so formed is categorised as aluminium sulfate (alum) or iron WTR material depending on the coagulant salt, with the former being the most widely used coagulant in the water treatment industry. Lime-softening sludge, composed of typically 80-95 wt% calcite (Raghu and Hsieh, 1986), is the result of softening hard water before its distribution as drinking water.Biosolids and sewage sludge materials are highly organic residue by-products of municipal waste water treatment, with the organic fraction originating principally from human faeces (primary sludge) and bacterial biomass (secondary sludge) and the inorganic fraction derived from materials such as soil, sediment and inorganic residuals (Haynes et al., 2009). According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2015), sewage sludge refers to the solids separated out during the treatment processes, whereas biosolids refers to treated sewage sludge material that meets regulatory pollutant-and pathogen-control requirements for land applica...

show abstract

Section: Fall Cone Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geotechnics of municipal sludges and residues for landfilling

O’Kelly

2016

Geotechnical Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Simply based on analysis of historical data, as the ratio of strengths at the PL and LL varies substantially between soils, these strength-based approaches can only coincidentally give correct PL values, actually measuring what might be termed the plastic strength limit (PL 100 ); that is the water content corresponding to s uFC ¼ 100 Â s uFC(LL) . Fall cone Belviso et al, 1985;Wasti, 1987;Harison, 1988;Feng, 2000Feng, , 2001Feng, , 2004Koumoto & Houlsby, 2001;Sharma & Bora, 2003;Lee & Freeman, 2009;Shimobe, 2010;Sivakumar et al, 2015), steady monotonic penetration (Stone & Phan, 1995;Stone & Kyambadde, 2007), fast-static loading (Sivakumar et al, 2009) and extrusion (Timár, 1974;Whyte, 1982;Medhat & Whyte, 1986;Kayabali & Tufenkci, 2010a, 2010bKayabali, 2011aKayabali, , 2011bKayabali, , 2012Kayabali et al, 2016) approaches for PL determination have all been suggested as alternatives to the standard thread-rolling approach. As mechanical tests, these strength-based approaches are seen by some researchers as means of achieving higher degrees of repeatability and reproducibility of results, although, to date, most fall-cone research has been conducted on well-behaved clay-rich soils that lie above the A-line on the standard plasticity chart.…”

Section: Strength-based Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Having recognised the important distinction between the true PL and that measured by strength-based tests, the 'PL' determined by the fall-cone approach has been referred to as the 'plastic strength limit' (Haigh et al, 2013) PL 100 (Harison, 1988;Stone & Phan, 1995;Stone & Kyambadde, 2007;Kyambadde & Stone, 2012;Haigh et al, 2013;O'Kelly, 2013;Kyambadde et al, 2014;Sivakumar et al, 2015Sivakumar et al, , 2016, with the subscript 100 indicating that the defined strength is 100 times the strength mobilised for the fall-cone LL (s uFC(LL) ). This assumes that cones having identical apex angle and surface roughness values are used in identifying both LL FC and PL 100 , and, furthermore, that the strain-rate dependency of the soil remains the same (as considered in the next section).…”

Section: Other Factors Influencing Deduced Atterberg Limit Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From this point of view, displacement-controlled cone devices (e.g. the soil mini-penetrometer for quasi-static undrained strength determinations described by Stone & Kyambadde (2007)) offer a more reliable approach in determining undrained strength and PL 100 values because adjustments for strain-rate effects are not necessary.…”

Section: Use Of Fall Cones To Determine Atterberg Limits: a Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Use of fall cones to determine Atterberg limits: a review

2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper reviews the percussion-cup liquid limit, thread-rolling plastic limit (PL) and various fall-cone and other approaches employed for consistency limit determinations on fine-grained soil, highlighting their use and misuse for soil classification purposes and in existing correlations. As the PL does not correspond to a unique value of remoulded undrained shear strength, there is no scientific reason why PL measurements obtained using the thread-rolling and shear-strength-based fall-cone or extrusion methods should coincide. Various correlations are established relating liquid limit values deduced using the percussion-cup and fall-cone approaches. The significance of differences in the strain-rate dependency on the mobilised fall-cone shear strength is reviewed. The paper concludes with recommendations on the standardisation of international codes and the wider use of the fall-cone approach for soft to medium-stiff clays in establishing the strength variability with changing water content and further index parameters.

show abstract

“…The most commonly used procedure to determine the undrained shear strength using the fall-cone test is based in previous experimental observations as in Leroueil and Le Bihan (1996), Stone and Kyambadde (2007), and Das et al (2013). Despite this fact, we consider that this is not a suitable practice because of the high sensitivity of the K factor with changes on the surface roughness as observed by Koumoto and Houlsby (2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple Methodology to Obtain Critical State Parameters of Remolded Clays Under Normally Consolidated Conditions Using the Fall-Cone Test

Farias

Llano-Serna

2016

Geotech. Test. J.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The falling cone is widely used as a laboratory test to determine the liquid limit for the characterization of clay soils. However, remolded undrained shear strength and deformability and strength parameters of critical state models can also be estimated. The objective of this paper is to show a simple methodology to determine these important parameters for engineering simulations. Controlled laboratory tests were carried out on kaolin clay samples using a cone with 30 of tip angle and 30 g of mass. Mini-vane tests were also performed to determine the remolded undrained shear strength of the samples.The experimental results were used to calibrate the Hansbo cone factor, K, from which it is possible to relate the undrained shear strength and the cone penetration for different water contents. The study shows that a calibrated cone and the proposed methodology may be

show abstract

Determination of Strength and Index Properties of Fine-Grained Soils Using a Soil Minipenetrometer

Cited by 28 publications

References 20 publications

Geotechnics of municipal sludges and residues for landfilling

Geotechnics of municipal sludges and residues for landfilling

Use of fall cones to determine Atterberg limits: a review

Simple Methodology to Obtain Critical State Parameters of Remolded Clays Under Normally Consolidated Conditions Using the Fall-Cone Test

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About