Determination of soot onset and background particulate levels in a spark-ignition engine

Hageman, Mitchell D.; Sakai, Stephen; Rothamer, David

doi:10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.105

Cited by 22 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…(The plots are shown in the appendix.) Similar observations for a rich  threshold below which the PN rises sharply have been reported [19]. It is noted that for methane-air mixtures, no such threshold is observed down to  = 0.7.…”

Section: Particulate From Premixed Non-stoichiometric Gasoline-air Flamesupporting

confidence: 86%

Assessment of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Cold Start Particulate Emission Sources

Oh¹,

Cheng²

2017

SAE Int. J. Engines

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Section: Particulate From Premixed Non-stoichiometric Gasoline-air Flamesupporting

confidence: 86%

Assessment of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Cold Start Particulate Emission Sources

Oh¹,

Cheng²

2017

SAE Int. J. Engines

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“…To match H/C ratio, O/C ratio, RON, and TSI, the overdetermined system of equations was solved using a lest-squares minimization approach. The composition of TIER-2 and CHINA-6 final surrogates derived by [25] are reported in Table 2 along with the main information of the gasoline tested in the experimental analysis reported by [28], labeled as EEE, just for the sake of providing a comparison between these gasolines. As reported in Table 2, CHINA-6 surrogate has a higher aromatic content, but it is also the only surrogate containing ethanol 10 %vol and the presence of oxygenated compounds results in a reduction of soot emissions.…”

Section: Fuel Types and Soot Constant Pressure Librariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As previously mentioned, a simple engine geometry, as shown in Fig. 1a, was exploited in the present study to numerically investigate the experimental conditions investigated in [28]. A wireframe detail of the mesh is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Engine Simulation Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While constituting a solid investigation tool, the Sectional Method model prediction is inevitably affected by the degree of accuracy to which the 3D-CFD model is able to predict mixture stratification at spark-timing in GDI units, which is a key parameter influencing the sooting tendency as reported in [27]. In this scenario, the experimental measurements carried out by Hageman et al [28] on a fully-premixed SI (Spark-Ignition) engine provides a "mixture stratification uncertainty-free" dataset to investigate the ability of the Sectional Method to predict the critical sooting tendency equivalence ratio value for a variety of fuel types. In this study, to assess the Sectional Method reliability, when applied to SI combustion simulations, three fuel types were tested: a non-oxygenated commercial gasoline (TIER-2 [29]), an oxygenated commercial gasoline (CHINA-6 [29] with ethanol 10 %vol), and pure ethanol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, to assess the Sectional Method reliability, when applied to SI combustion simulations, three fuel types were tested: a non-oxygenated commercial gasoline (TIER-2 [29]), an oxygenated commercial gasoline (CHINA-6 [29] with ethanol 10 %vol), and pure ethanol. 3D-CFD simulations were carried out exploiting a simplified engine-like geometry, replicating as accurately as possible the experimental conditions from [28], which provided the experimental soot measurements used for the validation of the 3D-CFD simulations. For each fuel type, the premixed combustion process was simulated over six different values of equivalence ratio (ϕ), ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 as in [28], to spot the critical threshold ϕ values whereby the onset of a pronounced numerical sooting tendency was observed and compared with the same results from experiments for a commercial non-oxygenated gasoline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of the Sectional Method to Investigate Particle Number and Soot Mass in Ethanol and Gasoline Fueled Premixed Spark Ignition Engines

Pessina

Pecchia

Breda³

et al. 2020

E3S Web Conf.

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Emission modelling is still a timely topic in the engine research community. Soot emission reduction has gained its spotlight among the pollutants-related issues mainly due to the renewed interest in Gasoline Direct Injection. The conjunction of experimental measurements and numerical investigations provides an effective tool to cope with the constant evolution of the emission regulations. Thus, numerical models must be validated over a wide range of engine operating points and fuels. To this aim, the Sectional Method was applied to investigate Particulate Matter and Particle Number produced during combustion in a premixed spark ignition engine using 3D-CFD. Soot-related quantities were investigated for different values of equivalence ratio (from 1.0 up to 1.5) as well as for different fuels. Three different fuel types were examined: a commercial nonoxygenated American gasoline (TIER-2), a commercial Chinese gasoline (CHINA-6) with ethanol 10 %vol and pure Ethanol (E100). A detailed chemistry-based tabulated approach was exploited to compute a dedicated soot library, for each of the analyzed fuels, by means of 0D chemical kinetic simulations using a constant pressure reactor approach. Numerical results were compared to a database of experimental measurements collected from literature. The sooting tendency threshold dependency on equivalence ratio was also investigated and the results showed that the ethanol is the less sooting among the examined fuels, while the non-oxygenated gasoline exhibited the highest soot mass and Particle Number. This paper provides a CFD-based benchmark for soot mass and Particle Number for three fuel types with largely different chemical nature.

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Impact of bio-alcohol fuels combustion on particulate matter morphology from efficient gasoline direct injection engines

et al. 2018

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The requirements for controlling particulate emissions in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, particularly in hybrid vehicles (where frequent cold-start event impact on both, particles characteristics and catalytic aftertreament efficiency), nesesitates the need for understanding their formation mechanism and their morphological characteristics. The findings described in this investigation have significance in the design of efficient Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) and the development of computational models that predict particle filtration and oxidation processes. Morphological analysis of the particulate emissions from the combustion of commercial gasoline and two bio-alcohol blends: of 25% v/v ethanol in gasoline and 33% v/v butanol and 67% v/v gasoline, in a modern GDI engine has been carried out using a transmission electron microscopy. The primary particle size distribution from the combustion of butanol-gasoline blend was slightly smaller compared to gasoline, while the mean primary particle diameter was 3 nm smaller from the combustion of ethanol-gasoline fuel. This decrease in primary particle size for ethanol-gasoline blend was also reflected in a reduction of the mean radius of gyration and mean number of primary particles per agglomerate. The combustion of butanol-gasoline blend induced improved particle oxidation rates during the combustion process and post-oxidation stage, and led in 80% and 60% reduction in particle concentration in the engine exhaust when compared to the combustion of gasoline and ethanolgasoline blend, respectively. Additionally, the estimation of the particle fractal dimension through the use of fractal equation, minimum bonding rectangle method and root form factor showed comparable results for butanol-gasoline and gasoline, with the particle agglomerates being more compact than the ethanol-gasoline fuel, where more chain like particles are seen. Therefore, particles emitted from the combustion of ethanol-gasoline fuel are easier to be trapped (lower fractal dimension) and present a higher reactivity (high surface/volume ratio) compared to particles emitted from gasoline combustion.

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Determination of soot onset and background particulate levels in a spark-ignition engine

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

Assessment of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Cold Start Particulate Emission Sources

Assessment of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Cold Start Particulate Emission Sources

Application of the Sectional Method to Investigate Particle Number and Soot Mass in Ethanol and Gasoline Fueled Premixed Spark Ignition Engines

Impact of bio-alcohol fuels combustion on particulate matter morphology from efficient gasoline direct injection engines

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