Determination of snow water equivalent using RADARSAT SAR data in eastern Canada

Abstract

Abstract:In the 1998-1999 winter, the operational feasibility of using RADARSAT SAR data to estimate the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) in a large hydroelectric complex managed by Hydro-Que bec (La Grande River watershed) has been successfully demonstrated. This watershed is located in the subarctic climatic region in the north-west of the Que bec province. The vegetation consists of moderately dense to open Black Spruce forests, open lands, burned lands and peat bogs. In the last few years, an original approach well adapted for this region has been developed to estimate the SWE from SAR data (ERS-1, RADARSAT). This approach is based on the fact that the snow cover characteristics in¯uence the underlying soil temperature which in¯uences the dielectric properties of the soil and then the recorded backscattering signal. Then, a linear relationship between the backscattering ratios of a winter image and a snow-free ( fall) image, and the snowpack thermal resistance (thermal insulation properties) has been established. Consequently, the algorithm infers the SWE from the estimated thermal resistance and the measured mean density of the snowpack. This algorithm has been implemented within a MapInfo 2 application that has been named EQeau. It allows mapping of the spatial distribution of the estimated SWE at the desired level ( pixel, square grid, sub-watershed). During the 1998-1999 winter, EQeau has been used successfully in a pre-operational mode using calibrated Wide beam images (W1) from RADARSAT. The algorithm has given mean estimated SWE values similar to the SWE values derived from Hydro-Quebec snow transects (relative dierence between 1% and 13%). Also, the SWE increase measured from January to March 1999 is clearly detected on the maps covering almost 77 000 km 2 . The next steps will be the evaluation of the ScanSAR images and the demonstration of the economical advantages of using RADARSAT data in a hydrological forecasting system.

Mapping Agricultural Frozen Soil on the Watershed Scale Using Remote Sensing Data

“…In this temporal study, we assumed that soil surface roughness was constant over time for each land use type (untilled versus tilled fields) during the same winter season, because the soil surface would not be ploughed nor naturally modified before spring snowmelt [60]. Under this assumption, it is possible to consider that for each field, the backscattering coefficient (σ • ) was related to soil surface moisture status [31].…”

Snow Density and Ground Permittivity Retrieved from L-Band Radiometry: Melting Effects

“…With the beginning of the "cold winter period" and the concurrent first dry snow event on 3 January 2017, the daily fluctuations of in-situ ε G and retrieved ε RM G ( Figure 6) disappear. This is due to thermal insulation of the developing dry snowpack [49,50], which keeps the ground homogeneously frozen even for short diurnal periods with T air > 0 • C (as is the case during the "cold winter period" after 19 January according to Figure 2d).…”

Evaluation of Envisat ASAR IMP imagery for snow mapping at varying spatial resolution (Deception Island, South Shetlands – Antarctica)

“…We also used a multitemporal approach by comparing backscattering of all scenes with backscattering from a snow-free scene, which is a wellknown approach to derive indices for wet snow classification (Baghdadi et al 1999;Bernier et al 1999;Rees & Steel 2001;Magagi & Bernier 2003). Malnes & Guneriussen (2002) and Valenti et al (2008) have shown that the C-band backscattering for images at 238 incidence angle is 2-3 dB lower for wet snow than for snow-free terrain.…”