“…At present, the determination of EUGs largely relies on instrumental analysis techniques, including HPLC ( Thyagaraj et al, 2013 ; Y., 2018), GC–MS ( Huang et al, 2021 ), LC-MS/MS ( Ren et al, 2016 ), and UPLC-MS/MS ( Sun et al, 2017 , Zhao et al, 2017 ). These methods have proven to be sensitive and accurate in detecting EUGs residue levels; however, they necessitate costly instrument, highly skilled technicians, and complex sample preparation processes.…”