Determination of selected fate and aquatic toxicity characteristics of acrylic acid and a series of acrylic esters

Staples, Charles A.; Murphy, S.R; McLaughlin, Joseph; Leung, Hon‐Wing; CASCIERI, T. C.; Farr, Craig H.

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00228-3

Cited by 45 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…From an environmental health perspective, deposition of LMWOAs may have ecosystem impacts as they have been shown to be toxic to various marine invertebrates (Staples et al, 2000;Sverdrup et al, 2001), phytotoxic (Himanen et al, 2012;Lynch, 1977), and interfere with the uptake and mobilization of heavy metals by microbial communities in soils (Song et al, 2016;Menezes-Blackburn et al, 2016). However, studies on the human toxicity of LMWOAs are sparse and the results are unclear (Rydzynski, 1997;Azuma et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the primary emissions and secondary formation of gaseous organic acids in the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Organic acids are known to be emitted from combustion processes and are key photochemical products of biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Despite their multiple environmental impacts, such as on acid deposition and human-ecosystem health, little is known regarding their emission magnitudes or detailed chemical formation mechanisms. In the current work, airborne measurements of 18 gas-phase low-molecular-weight organic acids were made in the summer of 2013 over the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada, an area of intense unconventional oil extraction. The data from these measurements were used in conjunction with emission retrieval algorithms to derive the total and speciated primary organic acid emission rates, as well as secondary formation rates downwind of oil sands operations. The results of the analysis indicate that approximately 12 t day −1 of low-molecular-weight organic acids, dominated by C 1 -C 5 acids, were emitted directly from off-road diesel vehicles within open pit mines. Although there are no specific reporting requirements for primary organic acids, the measured emissions were similar in magnitude to primary oxygenated hydrocarbon emissions, for which there are reporting thresholds, measured previously (≈ 20 t day −1 ). Conversely, photochemical production of gaseous organic acids significantly exceeded the primary sources, with formation rates of up to ≈ 184 t day −1 downwind of the oil sands facilities. The formation and evolution of organic acids from a Lagrangian flight were modelled with a box model, incorporating a detailed hydrocarbon reaction mechanism extracted from the Master Chemical Mechanism (v3.3). Despite evidence of significant secondary organic acid formation, the explicit chemical box model largely underestimated their formation in the oil sands plumes, accounting for 39, 46, 26, and 23 % of the measured formic, acetic, acrylic, and propionic acids respectively and with little contributions from biogenic VOC precursors. The model results, together with an examination of the carbon mass balance between the organic acids formed and the primary VOCs emitted from oil sands operations, suggest the existence of significant missing secondary sources and precursor emissions related to oil sands and/or an incomplete mechanistic and quantitative understanding of how they are processed in the atmosphere.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the primary emissions and secondary formation of gaseous organic acids in the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada

et al. 2017

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“…Real-time and improved measurements for LMWOA present a means to test the validity of current photochemical reaction mechanisms of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from which the LMWOA are ultimately derived. From an environmental and health perspective, deposition of LMWOA may have ecosystem impacts as they have been shown to be toxic to various marine invertebrates (Staples et al, 2000;Sverdrup et al, 2001), phytotoxic (Himanen et al, 2012;Lynch, 1977), and interfere with the uptake and 25 mobilization of heavy metals by microbial communities in soils (Song et al, 2016;Menezes-Blackburn et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Primary Emissions and Secondary Formation of Gaseous Organic Acids in the Oil Sands Region of Alberta, Canada

Liggio¹,

Moussa²,

Wentzell³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Organic acids are known to be emitted from combustion processes and are key photochemical products of biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Despite their multiple environmental impacts, such as on acid deposition and human/ecosystem health, little is known regarding their emission magnitudes or detailed chemical formation mechanisms. In the current work, airborne measurements of 18 gas-phase low molecular weight organic acids were made in the summer of 2013 over the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada, an area of intense unconventional oil extraction. The data from these measurements were used in conjunction with emission retrieval algorithms to derive the total and speciated primary organic acid emission rates, as well as secondary formation rates downwind of oil sands operations. The results of the analysis indicate that approximately 12 tonnes day&#8722;1 of low molecular weight organic acids, dominated by C1&#8211;C5 acids, were emitted directly from off-road diesel vehicles within open pit mines. Although there are no specific reporting requirements for primary organic acids, the measured emissions were similar in magnitude to primary oxygenated hydrocarbon emissions measured previously (&#8776;&#8201;20 tonnes day&#8722;1), for which there are reporting thresholds. Conversely, photochemical production of gaseous organic acids significantly exceeded the primary sources, with formation rates up to &#8776;&#8201;184 tonnes day&#8722;1 downwind of the oil sands facilities. The formation and evolution of organic acids from a Lagrangian flight were modeled with a box model, incorporating a detailed hydrocarbon reaction mechanism extracted from the Master Chemical Mechanism (v 3.3). Despite evidence of significant secondary organic acid formation, the explicit chemical box model largely underestimated their formation in the oil sands plumes, accounting for 39&#8201;%, 46&#8201;%, 26&#8201;% and 23&#8201;% of the measured formic, acetic, acrylic and propionic acids respectively, and with little contributions from biogenic VOC precursors. The model results, together with an examination of the carbon mass balance between the organic acids formed and the primary VOCs emitted from oils sands operations, suggest the existence of significant missing oil sands related secondary sources/precursor emissions and/or an incomplete mechanistic and quantitative understanding of how they are processed in the atmosphere.

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“…Thus, measurements of LMWOAs can help evaluate the Global Environmental Multiscale-Modeling Air-quality and Chemistry model (GEM-MACH), specifically the chemical mechanisms within the model. From an environmental health perspective, deposition of LMWOAs may have ecosystem impacts, as they have been shown to be toxic to various marine invertebrates (Staples et al 2000;Sverdrup et al 2001), phytotoxic (Himanen et al 2012;Lynch 1977), and interfere with the uptake and mobilization of heavy metals by microbial communities in soils (Menezes-Blackburn et al 2016;Song et al 2016). However, studies on the human toxicity of LMWOAs are sparse and the results unclear (Azuma et al 2016;Rydzynski 1997).…”

Section: Validation Of Emissions From Aircraft Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in science and applications of air pollution monitoring: A case study on oil sands monitoring targeting ecosystem protection

Brook

Cober

Freemark

et al. 2019

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The potential environmental impact of air pollutants emitted from the oil sands industry in Alberta, Canada, has received considerable attention. The mining and processing of bitumen to produce synthetic crude oil, and the waste products associated with this activity, lead to significant emissions of gaseous and particle air pollutants. Deposition of pollutants occurs locally (i.e., near the sources) and also potentially at distances downwind, depending upon each pollutant's chemical and physical properties and meteorological conditions. The Joint Oil Sands Monitoring Program (JOSM) was initiated in 2012 by the Government of Canada and the Province of Alberta to enhance or improve monitoring of pollutants and their potential impacts. In support of JOSM, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) undertook a significant research effort via three components: the Air, Water, and Wildlife components, which were implemented to better estimate baseline conditions related to levels of pollutants in the air and water, amounts of deposition, and exposures experienced by the biota. The criteria air contaminants (e.g., nitrogen oxides [NO x ], sulfur dioxide [SO 2 ], volatile organic compounds [VOCs], particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm [PM 2.5 ]) and their secondary atmospheric products were of interest, as well as toxic compounds, particularly polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), trace metals, and mercury (Hg). This critical review discusses the challenges of assessing ecosystem impacts and summarizes the major results of these efforts through approximately 2018. Focus is on the emissions to the air and the findings from the Air Component of the ECCC research and linkages to observations of contaminant levels in the surface waters in the region, in aquatic species, as well as in terrestrial and avian species. The existing evidence of impact on these species is briefly discussed, as is the potential for some of them to serve as sentinel species for the ongoing monitoring needed to better understand potential effects, their potential causes, and to detect future changes. Quantification of the atmospheric emissions of multiple pollutants needs to be improved, as does an understanding of the processes influencing fugitive emissions and local and regional deposition patterns. The influence of multiple stressors on biota exposure and response, from natural bitumen and forest fires to climate change, complicates the current ability to attribute effects to air emissions from the industry. However, there is growing evidence of the impact of current levels of PACs on some species, pointing to the need to improve the ability to predict PAC exposures and the key emission source involved. Although this critical review attempts to integrate some of the findings across the components, in terms of ECCC activities, increased coordination or integration of air, water, and wildlife research would enhance deeper scientific understanding. Improved understanding is needed in order to guide the development of longterm mon...

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Determination of selected fate and aquatic toxicity characteristics of acrylic acid and a series of acrylic esters

Cited by 45 publications

References 2 publications

Understanding the primary emissions and secondary formation of gaseous organic acids in the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada

Understanding the primary emissions and secondary formation of gaseous organic acids in the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada

Understanding the Primary Emissions and Secondary Formation of Gaseous Organic Acids in the Oil Sands Region of Alberta, Canada

Advances in science and applications of air pollution monitoring: A case study on oil sands monitoring targeting ecosystem protection

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