Determination of resistance status to amitraz in the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from Luzon, Philippines, through bioassay and molecular analysis

Molecular Identification of Selected Tick-Borne Protozoan and Bacterial Pathogens in Thoroughbred Racehorses in Cavite, Philippines

“…Despite the information on equine TBPs uncovered in the current study, the competent tick vectors of the detected TBPs remain unidentified. The tick species transmitting B. caballi, T. equi, and A. ovis-like variant have not been reported in Cavite province, but potential tick vectors, such as Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus, were previously identified from various animal hosts in nearby provinces [55,57,58]. In addition, the detection of an A. phagocytophilum-like variant and Bbsl in the current study should compel further investigation on the competent tick vectors of these potentially zoonotic pathogens.…”

Acaricidal and Repellent Effects of Essential Oils against Ticks: A Review

“…However, the effectiveness of an acaricide depends on the activity of a product, as well the quality and quantity of active material sprayed or injected [40]. Moreover, inappropriate and long-term application of these acaricides, frequency of treatment, underdosing, and persistent use of a chemical group for tick control enables improvement of tolerance/resistance to the chemical and leads to the evolution of resistance in many tick species [4,14,40,41,[43][44][45].…”

“…Ticks are forced bloodsucker ectoparasites belonging to the Order Ixodida, which comprises three families: Ixodidae (hard ticks, 720 species), Argasidae (soft ticks, 186 species), and Nuttalliellidae (1 species) [1,2]. They are also one of the main groups of disease vectors, and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) have long been recognized as one of the major constraints to livestock development in various countries [3], particularly in the cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions [4]. Likewise, they are the most devastating as they cause huge economic losses [5].…”

“…Likewise, they are the most devastating as they cause huge economic losses [5]. These losses are estimated in the billions of US dollars [4], as a consequence of higher production costs due to constant antiparasitic treatments [6] and the effects generated by the infestation: blood loss, reduced weight gain and milk production, and skin damage at the site of attachment [7].…”

“…Unfortunately, the misuse, overuse, and inappropriate application of chemical acaricides led to the development and selection of resistance in the tick population [4,7,[12][13][14][15]. However, apart from their high costs, these acaricides could also be potentially hazardous through contamination of ruminant milk and meat [13,16,17] and thus, may have an effect on human health [18,19], as well as contamination of the environment with residues harmful to humans and animals [15,16,18,20,21].…”