Determination of radium in water by liquid scintillation counting after preconcentration with ion-exchange resin

Higuchi, H.; Uesugi, Masaki; Satoh, Kaneaki; Ohashi, Naoyuki; Noguchi, Michihiko

doi:10.1021/ac00268a039

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Several methods have been reported for the determination of radium isotopes in samples of water, soil and sediment. These include measurement by gamma-ray spectroscopy, 1 222 Rn emanation, 2,3 liquid scintillation counting, 4 and direct 5 or indirect 6 alpha spectrometry. Since the early 90's, mass spectrometric techniques such as thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS); 7,8 and inductively coupled plasma collision cell mass spectrometer (ICP-CC-Q-MS) 9 were developed for 226 Ra measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved method for radium extraction from environmental samples and its analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Ghaleb

Pons‐Branchu

Deschamps

2004

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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We have developed an efficient procedure for the chemical separation of 226 Ra from environmental samples and its measurement by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The original step in this procedure consists in a pre-concentration by co-precipitation of radium onto manganese dioxide. This pre-concentration step permits an efficient separation of radium from major elements including, most importantly, calcium. Thus, the present protocol provides a very useful technique for the precise and accurate analysis of radium-226 in carbonate samples. Furthermore, this procedure is also well-suited for seawater samples, since it does not require a preliminary evaporation stage, thereby eliminating problems due to the precipitation of large quantities of salts and permits the analysis of femtogram levels of 226 Ra.Reproducibility and accuracy of 226 Ra measurements were estimated by replicate analysis of a reef coral skeleton and seawater samples. The external reproducibility obtained on the carbonate sample was ¡0.55% at the 95% confidence level (n ~9) using between 300 to 600 fg of 226 Ra. The chemical yield averages 80% for carbonate matrix. The accuracy of the measurements of 226 Ra in the reef coral skeleton (dated by the 230 Th-234 U method) were assessed by comparing the measured 226 Ra with the expected 226 Ra activity assuming a closed system behavior for U-series. For seawater samples, the external reproducibility was 2.3% (2s, n ~5) using less than 10 fg of 226 Ra (i.e., ca. 200 ml of seawater).The ability to extract with a high efficiency radium from carbonate and seawater samples allows wider investigations of the use of 226 Ra either as a Holocene chronometer for carbonates or as a tracer of oceanic processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved method for radium extraction from environmental samples and its analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Ghaleb

Pons‐Branchu

Deschamps

2004

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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“…Its measurement in drinking water is mandatory and leads to careful monitoring. , Many countries require very low permissible concentrations for ingestion in drinking water. − In France, the annual limit of incorporation by ingestion is 7 × 10 3 Bq·year -1 . , Due to its low concentration in drinking water, methods required for the activity measurements have to be sensitive and reliable. Many authors have used (or use) well-tested analytical methods such as α spectrometry, − emanation methods involving 222 Rn daughter measurements, − thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), , liquid scintillation counting, − γ spectrometry, Cerenkov radiation measurements, and of course α liquid scintillation with rejection of β emitters. , …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of ²²⁶Ra in Mineral Drinking Waters by α Liquid Scintillation with Rejection of β−γ Emitters

et al. 1998

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The radiotoxicity of radium isotopes (especially the long-half-life 226Ra) requires their monitoring in drinking waters or nuclear wastes. We studied the applicability of the PERALS method of detection (photon electron rejecting alpha liquid scintillation) for radium measurement. This method combines alpha liquid scintillation with pulse shape analysis for beta rejection and specific chemical extractants included in the scintillating cocktail. Radium is separated by an extractive-scintillator cocktail called RADAEX containing 2-methyl-2-heptylnonanoic acid (HMHN) and dicyclohexano-21-crown-7 (Cy(2)21C7) as extractant molecules. The variation of the radium extraction has been studied relative to pH, salt concentrations, anion and cation effects, and the volume ratio between aqueous and organic phases. The main parameter affecting the radium extraction in mineral drinking water is its complexation by inorganic anions, especially sulfate. Due to the lack of thermodynamic data, some complexation constants had to be determined. For instance, the value reported in this paper for radium sulfate (log beta = 2.58 +/- 0.22) is in good agreement with that from the literature. The knowledge of complexation constants allows the determination of radium extraction recovery for any solution when the inorganic anion concentrations had been measured by capillary zone electrophoresis. The detection limit for this technique is found to be equal to 0.006 Bq.L-1 using only 6 mL of sample solution for analysis. Several French mineral waters have been studied and the results compared with determinations of uranium and thorium concentrations by ICPMS and time-resolved laser induced fluorescence (TRLIF).

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“…The second step further concentrates Ra, resulting in an 8 mL sample. The Dowex 50WX8 cation exchange resin is widely used for the pre-concentration of Ra in environmental samples [17,18,19] due to its strong retention ability and fast adsorption equilibrium. The adsorption and elution behaviour of Ra from this resin were carefully examined for extraction of Ra from 15 L of the HCl eluate.…”

Section: Secondary Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

High sensitivity measurement of 224Ra and 226Ra in water with an improved hydrous titanium oxide technique at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Aharmim

Cleveland

Dai

et al. 2009

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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The existing hydrous titanium oxide (HTiO) technique for the measurement of 224 Ra and 226 Ra in the water at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) has been changed to make it faster and less sensitive to trace impurities in the HTiO eluate. Using HTiO-loaded filters followed by cation exchange adsorption and HTiO co-precipitation, Ra isotopes from 200-450 tonnes of heavy water can be extracted and concentrated into a single sample of a few millilitres with a total chemical efficiency of 50%. Combined with beta-alpha coincidence counting, this method is capable of measuring 1.5×10 −3 µBq/kg of 224 Ra and 3.3×10 −3 µBq/kg of 226 Ra from the 232 Th and 238 U decay chains, respectively, for a 275 tonne D2O assay, which are equivalent to 4×10 −16 g Th/g and 3×10 −16 g U/g in heavy water.

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Determination of radium in water by liquid scintillation counting after preconcentration with ion-exchange resin

Abstract: Graphs present in this paper were prepared with the help of Richard Deming. Norman Nitzberg provided invaluable technical assistance in construction of the modified vials.

Cited by 26 publications

References 8 publications

Improved method for radium extraction from environmental samples and its analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Improved method for radium extraction from environmental samples and its analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Determination of ²²⁶Ra in Mineral Drinking Waters by α Liquid Scintillation with Rejection of β−γ Emitters

High sensitivity measurement of 224Ra and 226Ra in water with an improved hydrous titanium oxide technique at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

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Determination of radium in water by liquid scintillation counting after preconcentration with ion-exchange resin

Abstract: Graphs present in this paper were prepared with the help of Richard Deming. Norman Nitzberg provided invaluable technical assistance in construction of the modified vials.

Cited by 26 publications

References 8 publications

Improved method for radium extraction from environmental samples and its analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Improved method for radium extraction from environmental samples and its analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Determination of 226Ra in Mineral Drinking Waters by α Liquid Scintillation with Rejection of β−γ Emitters

High sensitivity measurement of 224Ra and 226Ra in water with an improved hydrous titanium oxide technique at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

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Determination of ²²⁶Ra in Mineral Drinking Waters by α Liquid Scintillation with Rejection of β−γ Emitters