Determination of primary active constituents in Cannabis preparations by high-resolution gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and high-performance liquid chromatography/UV detection

Gambaro, Veniero; Dell’Acqua, Lucia; Farè, Fiorenza; Froldi, Rino; Saligari, E; Tassoni, Giovanna

doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00660-8

Cited by 41 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For extraction of cannabinoids from materials, four different systems previously used [1,5,9] were tested. They were hexane, hexane/isopropanol (9 : 1), methanol/ chloroform (9 : 1), and methanol.…”

Section: Optimization Of Conditions and Validation Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cannabis species, the source of marijuana and other preparations, is cultivated in various countries, mainly 1 3 (MS) are the main techniques used for determination of cannabinoids contents in cannabis products [1,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In the present work, a rapid and simple procedure was optimized for determination of the three main cannabinoids (Δ 9 -THC, CBD, and CBN) in cannabis preparations using GC with fl ame-ionization detection (FID).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For forensic applications, there is a general consensus that a cannabis plant is defi ned as drug type when its leaves and infl orescences present a Δ 9 -THC content not lower than 0.5% [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Applying a general formula for the percentage of the three main cannabinoids, it is possible to obtain the "phenotypic ratio," which can be used for the classifi cation of the plant [5]:…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cannabinoid contents in cannabis products seized in São Paulo, Brazil, 2006–2007

et al. 2008

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in the tropical regions of South America such as Peru and Brazil. It is one of the oldest cultivated nonfood plants. More than 400 compounds have been isolated from different parts of cannabis plants and approximately 60 of them are cannabinoids or terpenic substances similar to Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) [1]. The only cannabinoids recognized by their psychoactive properties are Δ 9 -THC, Δ 8 -THC, and Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ 9 -THCV). Nevertheless, except for Δ 9 -THC, other active constituents are not present in signifi cant concentrations in the plants and probably do not contribute to the effects of Cannabis [2]. Nonactive cannabinoids tend to be present in signifi cant amounts, including cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD); the concentrations of every cannabinoid can vary depending on genetic factors, environmental conditions of the cultivation, the time of harvest, and other factors such as drying and storage conditions [3,4].On the basis of cannabinoid contents, cannabis plants are divided into "fi ber type" and "drug type." Applying a general formula for the percentage of the three main cannabinoids, it is possible to obtain the "phenotypic ratio," which can be used for the classifi cation of the plant [5]:Phenotypic ratio -THC %CBN %CBD = + %Δ 9 A phenotypic ratio greater than 1 indicates drug type. For forensic applications, there is a general consensus that a cannabis plant is defi ned as drug type when its leaves and infl orescences present a Δ 9 -THC content not lower than 0.5% [5].Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled or not coupled with mass spectrometry Abstract A rapid and simple method was optimized for determination of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) contents in cannabis products by gas chromatography with fl ameionization detection (GC-FID), using diazepam as internal standard. All parameters of validation of the method such as linearity, intraassay precision, and limits of detection and quantifi cation of the analytes were satisfactory. Using the described method, cannabinoid contents of 55 cannabis product samples seized in São Paulo City, Brazil, in 2006 and 2007 were measured. Δ 9 -THC content in marijuana and hashish samples varied between 0.08% and 5.5%, with an average of 2.5%. The phenotypic ratio showed that the products were able to be designated as "drug type."

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Section: Optimization Of Conditions and Validation Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Applying a general formula for the percentage of the three main cannabinoids, it is possible to obtain the "phenotypic ratio," which can be used for the classifi cation of the plant [5]:…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cannabinoid contents in cannabis products seized in São Paulo, Brazil, 2006–2007

et al. 2008

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“…High-performance liquid chromatography enables simultaneous determination of cannabinoids and their carboxylic counterparts without prior derivatization. Detection is performed by UV [13,14], diode array [15], electrochemical [16], fluorescence [14] and mass spectrometry detectors [3,12,17]. Quantitative analysis of cannabinoids using H-NMR has also been reported [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltammetry of Immobilized Particles of Cannabinoids

2013

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A new electrochemical method for the detection of cannabinoids in food products is proposed. The method is based on the voltammetry of microparticles at a paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode. In square-wave voltammetry, in 0.1 M KNO 3 at pH 7, the responses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol consist of a single peak with the maximum at 0.55 V AE 0.01 V. This peak is ascribed to the electrooxidation of the phenol group to phenoxy radical. In microparticles of hemp and marijuana cannabinoids can be detected in pure drug as well as in the mixture with foreign insoluble powders.

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Direct analysis of cannabis samples by desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization‐mass spectrometry

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Laakkonen

et al. 2012

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Fast analysis of cannabis samples without prior sample preparation or chromatography was performed using desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (DAPPI-MS). The MS(2) spectra of the molecular ions of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) formed in DAPPI-MS showed distinct product ions, unlike the protonated molecules formed with other ambient mass spectrometry techniques, making possible the reliable identification of THC from cannabis samples.

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Determination of primary active constituents in Cannabis preparations by high-resolution gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and high-performance liquid chromatography/UV detection

Cited by 41 publications

References 6 publications

Cannabinoid contents in cannabis products seized in São Paulo, Brazil, 2006–2007

Cannabinoid contents in cannabis products seized in São Paulo, Brazil, 2006–2007

Voltammetry of Immobilized Particles of Cannabinoids

Direct analysis of cannabis samples by desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization‐mass spectrometry

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