Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in soil using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

Method development for determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in industrial waste through gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

“…The IDL, instrumental quantification limit, and MDL were used to evaluate the method (Table 3). The IDL ranged from 0.17–3.38 pg/injection, which was similar to that in Chen's research (0.02–4.44 pg/injection) 29 and higher than that in Tao's research (0.09–1.4 pg/injection), 28 which both used GC/MS/MS. The MDLs ranged from 1.46 to 3.82 ng/mL for the liquid samples and from 0.009 to 0.021 ng/g for the solid samples.…”

“…For instrumental analysis, previous studies have found that 36‐BCZ, 27‐BCZ, and 18‐B‐36‐CCZ are difficult to separate. Tao et al 28 used a 30‐m HP‐5MS column and heating from 150°C to 250°C at 8°C/min to separate these three compounds. The retention times of 27‐BCZ, 36‐BCZ, and 18‐B‐36‐CCZ were 33.85, 34.27, and 34.31 min, respectively, which were similar to the results in another report 29 .…”

Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in waters at low nanogram‐per‐liter concentrations with solid‐phase disk extraction

“…However, due to the limitations of detection technology and development of standard materials, it was not until more than 20 years later that the research on PHCZs gradually increased. In recent years, a variety of PHCZs were successively detected in sediments from Lake Michigan [5], Ontario (Canada) [6,7], Great Lakes [8,9], Lippe river (Germany) [10], industrial coastal area of Kavala city (Greece) [11], the North Sea (Germany) [12], Lake Huron (USA) [13], San Francisco Bay (USA) [14], Lake Tai (China) [15], Jiulong River (Fujian, China) [16], Jiaozhou Bay wetland (Shandong, China) [17], northern South China Sea [18], East China Sea [19,20], as well as in soils from Bavarian (Germany) [21] and farmland between the village of Zhoucheng and Erhai Lake (southwest China) [22], Great Lakes Fish [23], San Francisco Bay top predators [14], Munich (Germany) dust and air [24], with concentrations from pg/g to ng/g, and up to several thousand ng/g dry weight. This suggests a broad distribution of PHCZs in the world.…”

“…Most of the analytical methods of PHCZs were developed from routine monitoring or nontargeted screening of dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals [11,22]. Up to now, the most preferred detection techniques for PHCZs were based on GC-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode [4][5][8][9][10][11][13][14][15]17,[19][20][21]23,26].…”

“…Up to now, the most preferred detection techniques for PHCZs were based on GC-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode [4][5][8][9][10][11][13][14][15]17,[19][20][21]23,26]. Besides, two-dimensional GC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS) [6,7], high-resolution GC-MS (GC-HRMS) [26], GC-MS/MS [12,22,24,26], and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) [16,18] also have applications in PHCZs analysis. As the concentrations of these compounds are mostly in the range of pg/L-ng/L, analytes in environmental water need to be extracted, purified, and concentrated prior to instrumental analysis.…”