Determination of polar 1H-benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography LTQ FT Orbitrap mass spectrometry

Abstract

Determination of polar 1H-benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography LTQ FT Orbitrap mass spectrometry van Leerdam, J.A.; Hogenboom, A.C.; van der Kooi, M.M.E.; de Voogt, W.P. General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Download date: 22 Jun 2019This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. a b s t r a c tA sensitive, reliable and robust method for the trace determination of six polar 1H-benzotriazoles and four benzothiazoles in drinking and surface water was developed. These compounds were extracted from water by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry using a linear ion trap-Orbitrap hybrid instrument at high resolution of 30,000 FWHM in the full-scan acquisition mode. At least one product ion was simultaneously detected in the linear ion trap at low mass resolution and was used for confirmation of compound identity. The compounds studied are soluble in water, resistant to biodegradation, only partially removed in wastewater treatment and they may pass the water treatment processes in the production of drinking water.The analytes and four internal standards were preconcentrated by solid-phase extraction at low pH. Positive electrospray ionization resulted in protonated molecular ions for all the 1H-benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles.The mass accuracy was between −5 ppm at m/z 120 and −0.1 ppm at m/z 182 and did not change for more than 2 ppm over a sample sequence of 8 days of analysis time. The optimized method allowed quantifying six benzotriazoles and four benzothiazoles in samples of drinking and surface water down to method detection limits of 0.01 g/L. The recoveries ranged between 45 and 125% in ultrapure, drinking and surface water at a spiking level of 0.2 g/L; the repeatability was between 2 and 13%. All analytes showed a linear response between 0.01 and 1.0 g/L. No significant matrix effect w...

Current use of high-resolution mass spectrometry in the environmental sciences

“…One year later, Hogenboom and co-workers [89] explored the characteristics of the Orbitrap for accurate mass screening and identification of emerging contaminants in environmental samples. The same group also published quantitative applications using the Orbitrap analyzer [90]. A recent trend paper summarizes both quantification of target analytes and identification of unknowns using the Orbitrap mass analyzer [14].…”

Toxicological relevance of emerging contaminants for drinking water quality

“…In addition, we have shown the occurrence of emerging polar contaminants, such as benzotriazoles and metabolites of illicit drugs (e.g. benzoylecgonine, desalkylflurazepam and 9-carbonic acid-d-9-THC) in groundwaters and surface waters in the Netherlands Van Leerdam et al, 2009). …”

New developments in the trace analysis of organic water pollutants

“…On account of their low sorption capacity (Hart et al 2004), BTs occur mostly in the aquatic environment Kiss and Fries 2009;Reemtsma et al 2010;Janna et al 2011;Kiss and Fries 2012). However, the mobility of these polar compounds in the environment is still not well characterized, although their presence in ground water (Cancilla et al 1998;Hollender 2007), bank filtrate (Reemtsma et al 2010), and drinking water have already been reported (van Leerdam et al 2009). …”

“…Slightly higher LODs were obtained in river water using SPE and comprehensive twodimensional GC coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometric (GCxGC-TOF-MS; Jover et al 2009). A method based on SPE and LC coupled with an LTQ-FT-Orbitrap MS allowed quantifying BT in drinking and surface water down to a LOD of 10 ng L -1 (van Leerdam et al 2009). To avoid time-consuming extraction and cleaning steps, the determination of BTs in directly injected river water and waste water samples was applied successfully using LC-ESI-MS/MS (Weiss and Reemtsma 2005).…”

“…Thus, benzothiazoles are kinds of "old" emerging contaminants that occur ubiquitously particularly in the aquatic environment, including river water (Kloepfer et al 2005;Grigoriadou et al 2008;Schwarzbauer and Ricking 2010), riverine runoff (Ni et al 2008), groundwater (Hollender 2007, marine water (Bester et al 1997), and drinking water (van Leerdam et al 2009). However, most reports on the occurrence of benzothiazoles in surface water are limited to only a few selected sampling locations except of the monitoring study presented recently by Fries et al (2011).…”