Determination of phenprocoumon, warfarin and their monohydroxylated metabolites in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction

Determination of warfarin enantiomers and hydroxylated metabolites in human blood plasma by liquid chromatography with achiral and chiral separation

“…Several assays on warfarin enantiomers [5,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and its metabolites [5,11,[17][18][19][20] have been developed. Mostly they include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using either ultraviolet or fluorescence detection, although methods where HPLC is coupled with mass spectrometry have also been reported [9,18,19].…”

“…Mostly they include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using either ultraviolet or fluorescence detection, although methods where HPLC is coupled with mass spectrometry have also been reported [9,18,19]. Lately chiral betacyclodextrin columns have become a powerful tool for separation of warfarin enantiomers [9,10,12].…”

A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of warfarin enantiomers

“…In rare cases, resistance towards Vitamin K antagonists is due to mutations in the Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex (VKORC1) [3,4]. If the warfarin concentration is high but therapeutic INR is not reached, a mutation in Several methods using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) exist in the literature for the quantification of warfarin enantiomers in human plasma [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Many of these methods are suffering either from an inappropriate choice of internal standard or from laborious extraction procedures using solid phase extractions with or without liquid-liquid phase extractions.…”

“…This substance can, however, be detected in human plasma from individuals who have taken the drug making it unsuitable as internal standard [8]. Other reported methods [6,9,11,13] have employed solid phase extraction techniques in their sample processing. In those cases, C 18 -based cartridges with time-demanding conditioning and washing measures have been used.…”

A rapid method for the quantification of the enantiomers of Warfarin, Phenprocoumon and Acenocoumarol by two-dimensional-enantioselective liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

“…Some of them include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [19,20], coupled to either ultraviolet or fluorescence detection [20][21][22][23], or mass spectrometry [24,25]. Although these methods show a good sensitivity and specificity, nevertheless they require extraction procedures using solid phase extraction (SPE) with many laborious and time-consuming processes with a low suitability for routine analysis.…”