Determination of phenothiazine drugs using tris(2,2’-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) electrogenerated chemiluminescence at DNA-modified electrode

Biosensor for on-line fluorescent detection of trifluoroperazine based on genetically modified calmodulin

“…Lower detection limits have been reported previously using chromatographic techniques (between 0.017 and 0.30 μg mL −1 ; [14][15][16][17][18][19]) however, these methods required a previous clean up and preconcentration step while the biosensor allows direct analysis of the diluted sample. Therefore, analysis times are reduced considerably (t 100 043 s and recuperation time <4.5 min) and this device could be applied for the on-line screening of a large number of samples in pharmaceutical or clinical analysis.…”

“…The application of these methods requires, in most cases, a previous solid phase extraction step for sample clean up and preconcentration and the detection limits range from ng to μg mL −1 in urine samples. Recently, a DNA-modified electrode has been applied to the analysis of phenothiazine drugs based on electrogenerated chemiluminiscent detection [19]. This paper describes the development of an on-line optical biosensor for the analysis of TFP based on the covalent immobilization of hCaM M124C-mBBr in controlled pore glass beads (controlled-pore glass, CPG), previously functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent [20] (Fig.…”

Solid-state tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) electrogenerated chemiluminescence sensor based on ionic liquid/sol–gel titania/Nafion composite film

“…Since the first research of tris(2,2 0 -bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ) as an electrochemiluminophore [1], the Ru(bpy) 3 2+ electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted great attention as a powerful detection method due to its inherent sensitivity and wide linear dynamic range for a great variety of compounds [2][3][4][5] such as alkylamines [6], oxalate [7], NADH [8,9], amino acids [10,11], DNA [12], and a number of pharmaceutical compounds [13][14][15].…”

“…Therefore, in order to improve the selectivity of the Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ECL detection system in real analytical problems, the detection system is often coupled with enzymatic reactions [18][19][20][21][22][23] or some types of separation techniques such as highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] and capillary electrophoresis (CE) [33,34]. On the other hand, the ECL detection can be carried out on the modified electrode surface [15,35]. For example, a lauric acid modified electrode has been used in the Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ECL detection for the selective preconcentration and selective detection of analyte [35].…”