Determination of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals and acidic pharmaceuticals in surface water of the Pearl Rivers in South China by gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization–mass spectrometry

Monitoring of selected estrogenic compounds and estrogenic activity in surface water and sediment of the Yellow River in China using combined chemical and biological tools

“…The concentrations of E1 in the Yellow river water are lower than those in the Pearl River (Zhao et al, 2009), Dan-Shui River of China , Tama River of Japan (Furuichi et al, 2004) and streams of USA (Kolpin et al, 2002), but higher than those in the lakes and rivers of Korea and the Venice lagoon of Italy (Pojana et al, 2007), and comparable to those in surface water samples of Australia (Hohenblum et al, 2004;Ying et al, 2009) (Table 2). Estradiol (E2) was only detected at 2.3 ng/L in site 4 of the Yellow River.…”

“…4-t-OP and BPA were also detected at all sampling sites (Table 2) and have been widely detected in aquatic environments, usually at levels of several to hundreds of nanograms per liter (Boyd et al, 2004;Furuichi et al, 2004;Kuch and Ballschmiter, 2001). Both levels and detection frequencies of 4-t-OP and BPA in the water of the Yellow River appear lower than those in the Pearl River (Zhao et al, 2009), Hai River (Jin et al, 2004) of China, the Tama River of Japan (Furuichi et al, 2004), but similar to those in the Ouse River of UK (Zhang et al, 2006) and Venice lagoon of Italy (Pojana et al, 2007) (Table 2). TCS is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and preservative agent that is widely used in personal care products (Stasinakis et al, 2008) and it had a frequency of detection of 97% in the Yellow River.…”

“…The water samples were filtered through pre-baked glass fiber filters (GF/F, Whatman 0.7 mm effective pore size, UK) and were extracted according to the method described in our previous paper (Zhao et al, 2009). Briefly, exactly 100 mL each of 1 mg/L of 4-n-NP, BPA-d16, E1-d4 and 13 C 12 -TCS was added to each sample as the internal standards.…”

“…The target compounds were analyzed using an Agilent 6890N gas chromatograph (Agilent, USA) equipped with an Agilent 5975B MSD mass spectrometer with a chemical ionization (CI) source. The detailed derivatization steps and instrumental analysis procedures were described previously (Zhao et al, 2009). …”

“…In addition, surrogate standards were added to all the samples to monitor matrix effects. Recoveries of the six target compounds ranged from 76 to 119% for the spiked water and sediment blank samples (Zhao et al, 2009). Only trace amount of 4-NP was found in procedural blanks; hence the background values were not subtracted from the sample measurements.…”