Determination of Phenolic Compounds, Organic Volatile Molecules and Anti-Cancer Properties in Inula Viscosa L., Viscum Album L. and Raphanus Sativus L.

Abstract

The plants elecampane (Inula Viscosa L.), mistel (Viscum album L.) and black radish seed (Raphanus Sativus L.) have been used in the treatment of common diseases worldwide as part of traditional medicine for many years. Especially in Turkey, elecampane plant is commonly used as remedy of cancer. In this study, phytochemical components of these three plants were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer techniques. Antioxidant activity of the characterized extracts were evaluated using DPPH assay, followed by biological properties were studied using MDA-MB-231 breast cancer line. Differences in the chemical compositions of the extracts resulted in alteration in antioxidant potentials, where elecampane gave the highest antioxidant activity while black radish seed extracts did not provide any meaningful results within the test period. Cytotoxicity studies showed that chemical composition is of the most prominent factor that defined the IC50 value of each extract, where pro-oxidant and antioxidant affects were observed in relation to presence of flavonoids. Mistel extract was further tested for wound healing and apoptosis tests, and the extract was obtained as a trigger for both apoptosis and wound-healing. The findings can be a basis for refinement as fractionation of the mistel and elecampane extracts so as to obtain the best mixture that can serve as strong anticancer agent mixture.

A comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, toxicology, and pharmacological activities of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter

“… 97 The current cancer treatments have many side effects and tumors started developing resistance to them. 98 Therefore, finding new innovative treatment that are less aggressive and more efficient becomes a necessity. Many researchers focused on investigating plants as a natural source of various bioactive compounds that showed promising results in combating different cancers while reducing the side effect.…”

“…Many researchers focused on investigating plants as a natural source of various bioactive compounds that showed promising results in combating different cancers while reducing the side effect. 98 D. viscosa has been widely investigated for its antineoplastic effects on various cancers. Table 11 summarizes the key findings reported in the literature on the anticancer activity of D. viscosa .…”

“…This pattern, commonly reported for flavonoid extracts, suggests they act as antioxidants or pro-oxidants based on concentration and physiological context. Turkey 98 ND : Not determined. …”

Identification of Marker Molecules in Aqueous Plant Extracts Affecting the Gold Nanostructures’ Morphology and Size

“…LC‐ESI‐MS/MS based qualitative characterization of 37 phytochemicals (including flavonoids and phenolic acids) was selected based on the diversity of the flavonoids and phenolic acids found in the aqueous pollen grain extracts with relatively larger quantities. The details of the protocol can be found elsewhere [61] …”

The Antioxidant Activity of Mistletoes (Viscum album and Other Species)

“…The clinical trials reported immunoadjuvant, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties [ 37 ], including the utilization of the extracts to improve the quality of life of the treated subjects [ 38 ]. In this scenario, the antioxidant activity plays a central role, together with the anti-inflammatory properties [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. The most reported active constituents are known flavonoids, which are present in alcoholic and aqueous extracts [ 43 , 44 ] and are already reported for their anti-ROS and radical-scavengers properties [ 45 ], with attention to the variation of the phenolic content in relation to the host [ 46 , 47 ] and the investigated subspecies [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”