Determination of pH of Textile Materials

Wakeham, Helmutt R.; Skau, Evald L.

doi:10.1021/i560122a002

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The regression equation for this relationship, in which the data of Table 11 are used, is given by y = 1.03911. + 2.192 (14) where the standard error in y is 0.13". Table 111 shows actual and assumed values of 11. for the purpose of extending the range from 40" to 23") for which values of y have been calculated from eq.…”

Section: Least Squares Analysis Of the 002 Arcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallite orientation and spiral structure of cotton. Part I. Native cottons

DeLuca¹,

Orr²

1961

J. Polym. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

INTRODUCTJONX-ray diffraction diagrams of cotton have been studied intensively for many years. One purpose of such studies is to relate x-ray data of cellulose crystallite orientation to other physical and chemical data on different cottons.described, qualitatively, the variation of intensities as exhibited by the diffraction arcs in x-ray photographs of cotton fiber bundles. Sisson and Clark2 were the first to attempt a quantitative measure of the distribution of intensities around the 002 diffraction arcs, and Sisson3 discussed methods of quickly evaluating these diffraction arcs for several native cottons. He found from a study of the angular distributions that the 4oyO maximum optical density angle gave the best linear correlation with Chandler bundle strength.Creely et aL4 showed that the 40y, angles obtained photographically by Berkley et a1.jV6 and their 40% angles from spectrometer tracings for eleven commercial varieties had a correlation coefficient of 0.978. They also showed4 from the same tracings that the angle of half-maximum intensity AH (50Y0 angle by analogy) was related to Berkley's "40% angle,'' A40, by the regression equation:Clark et al.in which the standard error of estimate in A H was found to be 0.3. Other worker^^-^ found correlations between cotton fiber bundle strengths and the 40 and 5Oy0 angles, with varying success.Meredith10 has applied to cotton the method developed by Hermansll for determining average orientation angles or orientation factors. It should be realized that this method was designed for regenerated fibers in which there is no spiral structure and, therefore, does not offer a means of separating crystallite orientation and spiral structure in the x-ray diagram of cotton fibers.Rollins et a1.l3 and many others have shown that superimposed on this configuration are * One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Balls12 showed that cotton has a spiral structure. 457

show abstract

Section: Least Squares Analysis Of the 002 Arcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallite orientation and spiral structure of cotton. Part I. Native cottons

DeLuca¹,

Orr²

1961

J. Polym. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In order to establish the precision of the colorimetric method, the pH of 85. samples of cotton fiber was determined by the proposed colorimetric method and by an electrometric method adapted from the work of Wakeham and Skau [9]. This method consists of the extraction of 0.5 g. of ground cotton (20-mesh) with 3 ml.…”

Section: Precision Of the Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Representative procedures are described by McCall et al [8], Marsh et al [7], and Hall and Elting [3]. Wakeham and Skau [9] demonstrated that the pH of an aqueous extract of cotton fabric is a function of the amount of water used for the extraction. These authors determined the pH of successive dilutions of an aqueous extract of the fabric, followed by extrapolation to zero dilution in order to define the pH in terms of the amount of water present in the fabric equilibrated to the standard atmosphere of 65% R.H. and 75 ° F. Although precise, this method does not satisfy the requirements for routine use where speed and simplicity are essential.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Colorimetric Determination of the pH of Cotton Fiber

Pons

Hoffpauir

1952

Textile Research Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

THE MEASUREMENT of pH provides a relative estimation of the deterioration of cotton resulting from field weathering under humid conditions that may prevail between opening of the bolls and picking. These are the same conditions that contribute to the development of a high free fatty acid content in cottonseed before picking. Weathered cotton exhibits a decrease in organic acid content and an increase in pH [7,8] . These changes are brought about by the use of organic' acids as nutrients by microorganisms, leaving the potassium of the salts of the organic acids in the fiber as the carbonate. Rain may leach some of the organic and inorganic salts, with the result that the alkalinity determined on the ash of a unit quantity of the cotton may be reduced [8]. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the growth of microorganisms may alter the physical properties of the fiber, particularly the breaking strength and surface properties [2, 3].Current methods for determining pH in cotton fiber employ an aqueous extraction of the fiber, followed by either an electrometric or colorimetric determination of the pH of the extract. Representative procedures are described by McCall et al. [8], Marsh et al. [7], and Hall and Elting [3]. Wakeham and Skau [9] demonstrated that the pH of an aqueous extract of cotton fabric is a function of the amount of water used for the extraction. These authors determined the pH of successive dilutions of an aqueous extract of the fabric, followed by extrapolation to zero dilution in order to define the pH in terms of the amount of water present in the fabric equilibrated to the standard atmosphere of 65% R.H. and 75 ° F. Although precise, this method does not satisfy the requirements for routine use where speed and simplicity are essential. The purpose of this paper is to present a colorimetric method by which indicator solutions are applied directly to the fiber. This approach should minimize the dilution effect and thereby achieve a close estimation of the actual pH of the fiber. * One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Basis of the MethodSulfonphthalein indicators were chosen since they offer an easily distinguishable gradation of color with changing pH, and since neutralization of the sulfonic acid groups permits their use in poorly buffered systems [6]. Aqueous solutions of indicators were not employed due to the difficulty of wetting raw cotton. Early attempts to use neutralized sulfonphthalein indicators in essentially nonaqueous solutions of acetone and alcohols were unsuccessful, probably due to the insolubility of the noncellulosic constituents of the fiber in the organic solvents. It was found that solutions of these indicators in aqueous alcohols were more satisfactory; however, with the higher concentrations of alcohol the color change was less sensitive. A solution of the indicator in aqueous isopropyl alcohol (25% alcohol by volume) proved most satisfactory. This concen...

show abstract

Microbial Damage to Cotton

Allen

Auer

Pailthorpe

1995

Textile Research Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Microbial damage to raw cotton is a common problem in many parts of the world, and tests currently available to identify and quantify it are reviewed and evaluated. These tests include cuprammonium hydroxide fluidity tests, pH determinations, re ducing sugar determinations, microscopic techniques, and staining methods. The tests have been used to evaluate possible microbial damage to cotton from two Australian growing seasons. Between-laboratory variations in the use of these methods are dis cussed. Shadecloth and overhead sprinklers are used in field plots to simulate adverse weather conditions and promote microbial damage. The effect of microbial damage on the color difference between dyed lots is also determined.

show abstract

Determination of pH of Textile Materials

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Crystallite orientation and spiral structure of cotton. Part I. Native cottons

Crystallite orientation and spiral structure of cotton. Part I. Native cottons

Colorimetric Determination of the pH of Cotton Fiber

Microbial Damage to Cotton

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About