Determination of Pesticides Residues in Bee Products: An Overview of the Current Analytical Methods

Abstract

The presence of undesirable compounds in honey and other bee products may modify their biological attributes. Such molecules may be present because of different human activities (i.e., pollutants, pesticides) or because of veterinary treatments designed to control and prevent diseases that affect bees. The use of pesticides in agricultural crops has been related with negative effects with and acute damages for bees. The widespread agricultural use of neonicotinoids is a common exposure pathway for bees, and it may be an important factor in declining bee health. In 2013, the European Union has forbidden the use of three pesticides belonging to the neonicotinoids: Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, and Clothianidin after the analysis of several scientific results of some studies where those pesticides were involved in an increased death of bees.

Pesticides in honey: bibliographic and bibliometric analysis towards matrix quality for consumption

“…Extraction methods such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) or dispersive extraction (QuEChERS) are used for some pesticides that can be quantified between 0.005 and 0.01 ng•g -1 (Mejías & Garrido, 2022) (Table 1). Pesticides detection in honey (and another matrix) can be done using spectrometric and chromatographic analysis, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Almutairi et al, 2021;Mejías & Garrido, 2022;Tette et al, 2016) (Table 1). Here it is highlighted that the detection of pesticides, due to its growing interest, is a field that is proposing new techniques and new analytical tools for faster and more sensitive detection of pesticides (Fauzi et al, 2021).…”

Sustentabilidade ambiental, preservação do meio e conservação dos recursos naturais

“…A ciromazina foi citada como praticamente não tóxica às abelhas melíferas, em estudo de toxicidade aguda de contato (NIH, 2022b). Mejias & Garrido (2022) citaram os métodos analíticos para detectar a ciromazina em mel e cera. Johansen (1977), apresentando o risco de envenenamento de abelhas a inseticidas, já sinalizava o uso deste p.a.…”

“…como "perigoso em qualquer momento em culturas em florescimento". Mejias & Garrido (2022) apresentaram os métodos analíticos capazes de detectar "Clorpirifós Etil" e "Clorpirifós Metil" em mel e cera.…”

“…O NPIC(2022) também sinaliza que abelhas são altamente sensíveis ao contato com esse p.a. Mejias & Garrido (2022). apresentaram os métodos analíticos capazes de detectar a ciflutrina em produtos de abelhas (mel e cera).…”

“…Diclorvós foi citado como "altamente tóxico" às abelhas(PPDB, 2023) Johnson et al (2010). relataram diclorvós em amostras de mel coletadas em apiários Mejias & Garrido (2022). apresentaram os métodos analíticos capazes de detectar o diclorvós em mel e cera.Endossulfam (Endosulfan) é do grupo organoclorado e foi banido do Brasil(ANVISA, 2022b).…”