Determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in sewage sludge samples using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Sediment–water distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in Yangtze River Estuary

“…As discussed above, PFOS in site BZ can hardly be interpreted by changes in natural environmental conditions because of the intensive human activities in this area. Concentrations of PFOS have been reported ranging between 14.4 and 2610 ng g À1 in domestic sludge from the USA (Higgins et al, 2005) and between 278 and 5383 ng g À1 in sewage sludges from sixteen cities of China (Guo et al, 2008). Comparatively, the concentrations of PFOS in sediment samples from Yangtze River Delta were at par with the values reported for domestic sludge (Guo et al, 2008;Higgins et al, 2005).…”

“…The eluant was dried under a stream of high purity nitrogen and fixed to 5 mL or 2 mL by adding methanol. Sediment samples were extracted by adopting the method of Guo et al (Guo et al, 2008). Briefly, 0.1 g oven dried sediment sample was extracted by adding 7.5 mL of 1% acetic acid, treated using ultrasonic at 60 C for 15 min, then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min.…”

“…A 10 mL aliquot of extract was injected into a reversed-phase C18 column (2.1 mm  150 mm, packed with particle size of 5 mm) (Waters, USA) with 10 mmol L À1 ammonium acetate and methanol in 55:45 (v/v) as the mobile phases at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The mass tune employed the optimized parameters described by Guo et al (2008). The mass spectrometer parameters were optimized to transmit the [M À ] ion for PFOS and MPFOS using atmospheric pressure ionization, operated in the electrospray negative ion mode.…”

Spatial distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in coastal waters from the East to South China Sea

“…Because of their chemical characteristics, including extraordinary stability, hydrophobicity, oleophobicity and surfactant characteristics, many PFCs have been broadly applied to industrial and domestic production in the past half-century (OECD, 2002;Prevedouros et al, 2006). PFCs are used in numerous products, such as textile protectors, coatings, plastics, fire fighting foams, photolithography, electronic chemicals, shampoos, stain repellents for furniture, carpets and pesticides, or as fluoropolymer additives (Kissa, 2001;Guo et al, 2008;Yu et al, 2009). During the production and usage of these products, PFCs can be released into the environment, where they can bioaccumulate Houde et al, 2006) and have potentially adverse effects on humans and wildlife (Austin et al, 2003;Martin et al, 2003;Shi et al, 2008).…”

Congener specific organic carbon normalized soil and sediment-water partitioning coefficients for the C1 through C8 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic and sulfonic acids

“…PFAs have also been studied in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) [7,33,37,42,43,[48][49][50]64,69,80,[136][137][138][139][140][141] where sorption of contaminants to organic matter and settling with particulates in grit chambers, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, and primary/secondary clarifiers, as well as sorption to activation carbon if this polishing step is present, is a major removal process from the final effluent stream. Although it has been previously noted that a means of estimating K oc values for the C 1 through C 8 PFAs would be valuable in better understanding PFA profiles within WWTPs, [137] the potential range of PFA precursors that are subject to biological and physicochemical degradation into PFAs (e.g., perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, fluorotelomers, etc.)…”