Determination of Pb and Cd in Macedonian Wines by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS)

Abstract

In this study, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) was used for determination of lead and cadmium in Macedonian white wines. Wine samples, without prior purification, were directly injected into the ETAAS system, using matrix modifiers for Pb and Cd. The standard addition method was used for quantitative analysis of Pb and Cd content. Reliability of the method was verified by determination of selected validation characteristics. The results of the measurements indicated satisfactory precision and accuracy, confirming that the method is accurate and convenient for quantitative analysis. The lead and cadmium concentrations were ranged between 2-28.5 and 0.4-5.69 μg/L, respectively. The levels were below the maximal allowed concentration in wine and compare well with those reported for similar wines from other parts of the world.

Rapid Determination of Trace Elements in Macedonian Grape Brandies for Their Characterization and Safety Evaluation

“…The score vectors represent the projection of each sample on orthogonal basis and highlight the strong influence of the first principal components on data variability. PCA was used with good results for classification and characterization of traditional alcoholic beverages, such as Orujo de Galicia (Ivanova- Petropulos et al 2013;Rodríguez-Solana et al 2014;Lachenmeier et al 2005), Brazilian ready-to-drink beverages (Froes-Silva et al 2015), beers, and other spirit drinks (Picinelli Lobo et al 2005;Lachenmeier 2007). …”

“…The sources of metals in alcoholic beverages are multiple including raw materials, vessels used during fermentation, distillation equipment, added substances during brewing, bottling process, aging/storage, and adulteration (Rodriguez et al 2010;Rodríguez-Solana et al 2014;Ivanova-Petropulos et al 2015). Therefore, information about the content of metals in brandies is of great importance for producers and consumers for their health protection against toxic elements, as well as for the government authorities in order to guarantee the quality of the own traditional product.…”

Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Wine Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry and Mini-torch

“…The preparation of wine samples for metal and metalloid determination includes microwave-assisted acid digestion, UV-assisted digestion, thermal digestion in an open reactor, sample dilution, dry Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12161-016-0567-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. and wet ashing, and also less common approaches such as dealcoholization or analyte separation (Gonzálvez et al 2008;Ivanowa-Petropulos et al 2015). Moreover, when choosing the method of wine sample preparation, it should be considered which procedure provides the best results in the shortest time, with minimum losses and contamination risk, consumes the smallest quantities of reagents and samples, and generates little amounts of residues and wastes (Gonzálvez et al 2008).…”

Optimization and Validation of a Microwave Digestion Method for Multi-element Characterization of Vranec Wines

“…Elements Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn could be determined without dilution, while elements Ca, K, Mg, and Na are analyzed after dilution of wine sample with water (Frias et al 2001;Frias et al 2003;Diaz et al 2003). Decomposition could be performed by wet digestion on a hot plate or in a microwave oven using concentrated HNO 3 , HClO 4 , and H 2 SO 4 or mixtures of these acids (Frias et al 2001;Frias et al 2003;Diaz et al 2003;Castiñeira Gómez et al 2004;Álvarez et al 2007;Ivanova-Petropulos et al 2013, 2015b.…”

“…Flame AAS (FAAS) and graphite AAS (GAAS) are applied for measurements of alkalis (K, Li, Na, and Rb), alkaline earth metals, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn (Diaz et al 2003), as well as trace elements (Rebolo et al 2000;Esparza et al 2004;Stafilov and Karadjova 2009;Ivanova-Petropulos et al 2015b). Electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS) technique offers high sensitivity and selectivity for determination of low levels of metals.…”