Determination of particulate and unburned hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engines fueled with biodiesel

Chang, David Y.

doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-13245

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(129 reference statements)

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“…As displayed in Figure 8 for all engine operating conditions, the exhaust emissions of both the biodiesel fuels, but B. carinata biodiesel to a lesser extent, are characterized by a higher fraction of SOF in the exhaust particulate matter compared to those of petroleum diesel. This confirms observations made by other authors (20,22,23). The higher SOF fraction is due to a greater presence of oxygenated compounds, such as esters and carbonyl compounds, which were detected by a qualitative evaluation using GC/MS in scan mode.…”

Section: Unregulated Emission Tests Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…A number of biodiesel properties, such as density, cetane number, iodine number, composition, and boiling point have been shown to affect emissions of NOx (11)(12)(13)(14), as well as the changes in fuel injection timing observed with biodiesel compared to petroleum diesel (15,16). Recently, additional information on exhaust emissions with potential environmental and health importance has been studied by the characterization of unregulated exhaust emissions (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brassica carinata as an Alternative Oil Crop for the Production of Biodiesel in Italy: Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions

Cardone

Prati

Rocco

et al. 2002

Environ. Sci. Technol.

181

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A comparison of the performance of Brassica carinata oil-derived biodiesel with a commercial rapeseed oil-derived biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel is discussed as regards engine performance and regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions. B. carinata is an oil crop that can be cultivated in coastal areas of central-southern Italy, where it is more difficult to achieve the productivity potentials of Brassica napus (by far the most common rapeseed cultivated in continental Europe). Experimental tests were carried out on a turbocharged direct injection passenger car diesel engine fueled with 100% biodiesel. The unregulated exhaust emissions were characterized by determining the SOOT and soluble organic fraction content in the particulate matter, together with analysis of the content and speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are potentially carcinogenic, and of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones) that act as ozone precursors. B. carinata and commercial biodiesel behaved similarly as far as engine performance and regulated and unregulated emissions were concerned. When compared with petroleum diesel fuel, the engine test bench analysis did not show any appreciable variation of output engine torque values, while there was a significant difference in specific fuel consumption data at the lowest loads for the biofuels and petroleum diesel fuel. The biofuels were observed to produce higher levels of NOx concentrations and lower levels of PM with respect to the diesel fuel. The engine heat release analysis conducted shows that there is a potential for increased thermal NOx generation when firing biodiesel with no prior modification to the injection timing. It seems that, for both the biofuels, this behavior is caused by an advanced combustion evolution, which is particularly apparent at the higher loads. When compared with petroleum diesel fuel, biodiesel emissions contain less SOOT, and a greater fraction of the particulate was soluble. The analysis and speciation of the soluble organic fraction of biodiesel particulate suggest that the carcinogenic potential of the biodiesel emissions is probably lower than that of petroleum diesel. Its better adaptivity and productivity in clay and sandy-type soils and in semiarid temperate climate and the fact that the performance of its derived biodiesel is quite similar to commercial biodiesel make B. carinata a promising oil crop that could offer the possibility of exploiting the Mediterranean marginal areas for energetic purposes.

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Section: Unregulated Emission Tests Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brassica carinata as an Alternative Oil Crop for the Production of Biodiesel in Italy: Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions

Cardone

Prati

Rocco

et al. 2002

Environ. Sci. Technol.

181

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“…PM 2.5 mass from B50 had a higher OC/EC ratio: ∼4.5 at 25% load and ∼1.4 at other loads. Previous research has also shown increased OC/EC ratios, 29 soluble organic fractions, 20,27,28 and volatile organic fractions 17,21,30 of PM mass with biodiesel content.…”

Section: ' Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Chang et al, 1998 observed increases in soluble organic fraction of PM mass which resulted in increase of PM at low engine loads. 27 The overall weighted average emission factors show the following: 14% and 42% reduction in EC; 23% and 27% reduction in OC, for B20 and B50, respectively. PM 2.5 mass from B0 and B20 had similar OC/EC ratios: ∼2.5 at 25% load and ∼1.0 at all other loads.…”

Section: ' Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Real-Time Gaseous, PM and Ultrafine Particle Emissions from a Modern Marine Engine Operating on Biodiesel

Jayaram

Agrawal

Welch

et al. 2011

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Emissions from harbor-craft significantly affect air quality in populated regions near ports and inland waterways. This research measured regulated and unregulated emissions from an in-use EPA Tier 2 marine propulsion engine on a ferry operating in a bay following standard methods. A special effort was made to monitor continuously both the total Particulate Mass (PM) mass emissions and the real-time Particle Size Distribution (PSD). The engine was operated following the loads in ISO 8178-4 E3 cycle for comparison with the certification standards and across biodiesel blends. Real-time measurements were also made during a typical cruise in the bay. Results showed the in-use nitrogen oxide (NOx) and PM(2.5) emission factors were within the not to exceed standard for Tier 2 marine engines. Comparing across fuels we observed the following: a) no statistically significant change in NO(x) emissions with biodiesel blends (B20, B50); b) ∼ 16% and ∼ 25% reduction of PM(2.5) mass emissions with B20 and B50 respectively; c) a larger organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) ratio and organic mass (OM) to OC ratio with B50 compared to B20 and B0; d) a significant number of ultrafine nuclei and a smaller mass mean diameter with increasing blend-levels of biodiesel. The real-time monitoring of gaseous and particulate emissions during a typical cruise in the San Francisco Bay (in-use cycle) revealed important effects of ocean/bay currents on emissions: NO(x) and CO(2) increased 3-fold; PM(2.5) mass increased 6-fold; and ultrafine particles disappeared due to the effect of bay currents. This finding has implications on the use of certification values instead of actual in-use emission values when developing inventories. Emission factors for some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyls, and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are reported as supplemental data.

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“…However, most of these studies were performed on U.S. Federal diesel fuels as the base fuel, as opposed to a lower aromatic CARB diesel, and typically were characterized for higher biodiesel blend levels [8,53]. The increase in SOF emissions with biodiesel has been attributed to the higher boiling point or lower volatility of biodiesel fuel, which contributes to increased condensation of unburned hydrocarbons on the particle's surface [54,55]. This observation might vary from study to study due to testing conditions and methods for PM sampling [56].…”

Section: Pm and Sof Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of biodiesel feedstock and additives on criteria emissions from a heavy-duty engine

Hajbabaei

Karavalakis

Johnson

et al. 2014

Fuel Processing Technology

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The reduction of emissions from diesel engines has been a key element in obtaining air quality and greenhouse gas reduction goals. Biodiesel is an important alternative fuel for diesel applications, but there is a tendency for biodiesel to increase nitrogen oxides (NO x) emissions, which remains an issue in nonattainment areas. This study investigated the effect of using low blend level biodiesel fuels and fuel additives on emissions. Emissions from three B5 biodiesel fuels and six B20-soybean oil methyl ester (SME) with additive blends were evaluated as potential biodiesel formulations for California. B5-SME and B5-waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) both showed measurable increases in NO x emissions, while a B5-animal fat methyl ester (AFME) showed a slight reduction or no change in NO x emissions compared to the CARB diesel. The B5-AFME blend also passed the criteria of the CARB diesel emissions equivalent certification test. Of the additives tested, only one provided reductions in NO x emissions for the B20-SME blends, but the reductions were not enough to pass the CARB diesel emissions equivalent certification test at the B20 level. Biodiesel blends generally showed either reductions or no significant changes in particulate matter (PM), total hydrocarbon (THC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.

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Determination of particulate and unburned hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engines fueled with biodiesel

Cited by 6 publications

References 68 publications

Brassica carinata as an Alternative Oil Crop for the Production of Biodiesel in Italy: Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions

Brassica carinata as an Alternative Oil Crop for the Production of Biodiesel in Italy: Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions

Real-Time Gaseous, PM and Ultrafine Particle Emissions from a Modern Marine Engine Operating on Biodiesel

Impacts of biodiesel feedstock and additives on criteria emissions from a heavy-duty engine

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